The effect of metallic naphthenates on the oxidation of linoleic acid

It has been known for many years that certain metallic soaps catalyse the drying of oils. A great deal of information is available concerning the use of these soaps, but there is little knowledge of the actual manner in which the soaps catalyse drying. As the drying is known to be an autoxidation reaction, it is generally believed that the soaps must affect the oxidation of the oil in some way. The work described in this thesis was undertaken to gain some knowledge of the mechanism of the catalysis, and to correlate the effect of the soaps on the drying reaction with the electronic structure of the metals involved. A review of the literature concerning drying oils and driers (the common term used to describe the metallic soaps mentioned above) shows many inconsistencies in data concerning the effect of driers on the autoxidation of oils. Much of this inconsistency may be attributed to the difficulties encountered in studying the reaction. Some of these difficulties are: The composition of drying oils from different sources may vary. Therefore, the oils may behave differently during oxidation. The composition, purity, and quantities used of the soaps influence their effect on the reaction. The conditions under which the reaction is carried out affect the course of the reaction. For these reasons, it is difficult to correlate data from one worker with that from another. In addition, much of the published work in this field has been incomplete. In many cases only a few soaps were studied. In others the products of the reaction were only partially investigated. The aim of this work was to avoid as many of the above sources of error as possible. The oxidation was performed on linoleic acid instead of a natural drying oil. Linoleic acid was oxidized in the presence of several metallic soaps. An apparatus was assembled which permitted temperature, oxygen pressure and oxygen flow to be held constant during the oxidation. Soaps of a uniform composition were used. These soaps were of the metals of the first transition series with the exception of scandium and titanium. Thus, almost all the possible electron structures of that series were included. The course of the reaction was followed by collecting and analysing samples of the product at frequent intervals. Additional analyses were run on the final product of oxidation. In addition, the effect of the soaps on the drying time of refined linseed oil was measured. By comparing the results of these measurements and the results of chemical analysis of oxidation products of linoleic acid, it was possible to suggest a mechanism for the drying. Finally, by comparing the effect of the soaps on drying time and on the course of the reaction, it was possible to suggest a mechanism for the catalysis --Introduction, pages 1-3

Jewish Liturgics in Christian Worship: A History of Jewish Festal Liturgics and a Proposed Recession of The Christian Liturgical Year into the Larger Judeo-Christian Calendar

Though a Judaic religion, Christianity quickly abandoned many of the ceremonial, festal, and liturgical practices of its parent religion. In this paper I argue this to be primarily due to an Augustinian reading of Torah in the Pauline epistles in which it is seen as a tyrannical force that can be distinguished into moral, ceremonial, and judicial components, only the moral of which must still be observed by Christians. In this paper, I will discuss the historical, cultural, and religious background of several Jewish holidays in advocation of their theological value for the larger Judeo-Christian community. I will also seek to demonstrate the methodological failures of past attempts by Christians to integrate Jewish liturgics into their worship. Finally, I will present principles with which a healthy Christian recession into the larger Judeo-Christian liturgical year might take place for the sake of ecclesial unity, a more biblically faithful Christianity, and healthier inter-faith dialogue between Jews and Christians

Mechanisms and Kinetics of Uranium Corrosion and Uranium Core Fuel Element Ruptures in Water and Steam

The mechanisms and kinetics of uranium corrosion and fuel element ruptures were investigated in water and steam at 170 to 500 deg C and at 100 to 2800 psig. The fuel element samples were coextruded Zircaloy-clad uranium-core rods and tubes which were defected prior to exposure. Uranium corrosion was found to be the sum of two processes; direct oxidation by water, and oxidation of uranium hydride intermediate. Fuel element ruptures occur in two stages; an initial induction period followed by an accelerating corrosion of the core causing the cladding to blister, swell, and fracture. Uranium corrosion and fuel element ruptures were examined with respect to temperature, pressure, steam versus liquid water, heat treatment, carbon content of uranium, zirconium content of uranium, cladding thickness, fuel geometry, annular spacings, defect geometry and size, coolant flow, hydriding of Zircaloy components, and irradiation effects. (auth

Tricarbonyl M(I) (M = Re, 99mTc) complexes bearing acridine fluorophores : synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction studies and nuclear targeting

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010New pyrazolyl-diamine ligands with acridine derivatives at the 4-position of the pyrazolyl ring were synthesized and characterized (L1 and L2). Coordination towards the fac-[M(CO)3]+ (M = Re, 99mTc) led to complexes fac-[M(CO)3(κ3-L)] (L = L1: M = Re1, Tc1; L = L2: M = Re2, Tc2). The interaction of the novel pyrazolyl-diamine ligands (L1 and L2) and rhenium(I) complexes (Re1 and Re2) with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by a variety of techniques, namely UV-visible , fluorescence spectroscopy and circular and linear dichroism . Compounds L1 and Re1 have moderate affinity to CT-DNA and bind to DNA by intercalation, while L2 and Re2 have a poor affinity for CT-DNA. Moreover, LD measurements showed that L1 and Re1 act as perfect intercalators . By confocal fluorescence microscopy we found that L1 and Re1 internalize and localize in the nucleus of B16F1 murine melanoma cells . The congener Tc1 complex also targets the cell nucleus exhibiting a time-dependent cellular uptake and a fast and high nuclear internalization (67.2% of activity after 30 min). Plasmid DNA studies have shown that Tc1 converts supercoiled (sc) puc19 DNA to the open circular (oc) form.Teresa Esteves and Sofia Gama thank the FCT for a doctoral and postdoctoral research grants (SFRH/BD/29154/2006 and SFRH/BPD/29564/2006, respectively). COST Action D39 is also acknowledge. The QITMS instrument was acquired with the support of the Programa Nacional de Reequipamento Científico (Contract>REDE/1503/REM/2005-ITN) of Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and is part of RNEM - Rede Nacional de Espectrometria de Massa

Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes

Currently, thirty-four yttrium, thirty-five zirconium, thirty-four niobium, thirty-five technetium, and thirty-eight ruthenium isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.Comment: To be published in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Table

Expressions 1981

Expressions contains selected work from the 1981 Creative Writing Contest entrants, Campus Chronicle Photography Contest entrants, and Commercial Art students at Des Moines Area Community College. Design , typography and the layout was done by Journalism students .https://openspace.dmacc.edu/expressions/1003/thumbnail.jp

Macrocyclic 14-membered ring diketal diamines: Synthesis, conformational analysis and 99m Tc radiolabeling evaluation

Chiral and achiral macrocyclic diketal diamines, analogs of cyclams, were synthesized from the previously obtained corresponding diketal dilactams by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride in the presence of a trace amount of triethylamine. In the (15-30) × 10-3 M concentration range, the reaction led mainly to the expected doubly reduced compounds except in the trans-OMe substituted series (R = Ph, Me), in which it partially stopped at the single reduction stage. A conformational study conducted by liquid NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations showed that the most stable conformations were either set in a rectangular [3434]-type structure for trans-OMe compounds 7b (R = Me) and 10b (R = H) or stabilized by two intramolecular NH···O hydrogen bonds for all the other macrocyclic diamines. Tc-99m radiolabeling with the nitrido-technetium core [TcN]2+ gave 10-20 % exchange yield

Comparison of Equine Assisted Modality Studies for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This Master’s thesis investigated efficacy of equine assisted modality studies for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The data was collected by means of Literature Review and utilized textual analysis. All participants in the studies examined met the study eligibility criteria. The results and findings were compiled and analyzed to support the data reflected; additional studies were highlighted to aid in the comparison of the data retrieved from the four studies featured. A brief history of the synergistic relationship between horse and humans was reviewed as well as historical perspectives on equine assisted programs and their accredited organizations. The student critiqued the future of equine co-facilitated curriculum for individuals with autism, communication between equine and humans, neurophysiological adaptation and biophilia