Resiliencia del sistema de drenaje pluvial ante inundaciones: caso de estudio Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México

Floods are one of the effects of hurricanes that have been more evident on coastal areas causing human deaths and economical loss. This tests the response capacity of drain system infrastructure. The objective of this research was to determine resilience of drain system infrastructure facing floods, produced by hurricanes, in the city of Chetumal,  Quintana Roo, México. Five components were considered, each one with a variable number of indicators, which are shown in parenthesis: sturdiness (8), redundancy (7), resources (2), speed (2) and adaptive capacity (13). Each value was standardized, then weighted through experts’ enquiry and finally resilience rate was defined, 0.2982 was found for the city of Chetumal. This demonstrates a low rate for resilience, which was mainly associated to resources and redundancy components. Based on this, both components should be strengthened in order to increase resilience rate stressing normative and territorial planning instruments application, emergency plans in case of floods, maintenance service plans of drain system infrastructure as well as investment in prevention programs.Las inundaciones son uno de los efectos de los huracanes que se han evidenciado más en las zonas costeras, ocasionando pérdidas de vidas humanas y económicas. Esta situación ha puesto a prueba la capacidad de respuesta de los sistemas de infraestructura de drenaje pluvial. El objetivo de la investigación que precedió a este trabajo fue determinar la resiliencia ante inundaciones asociadas a huracanes del sistema de drenaje pluvial de la ciudad de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México. Se consideraron cinco componentes, cada uno con un número variable de indicadores mostrados entre paréntesis: robustez (8), redundancia (7), recursos (2), rapidez (2) y capacidad adaptativa (13). El valor de cada indicador se normalizó; luego, se ponderó mediante la consulta de expertos; y, por último, se integró el índice de resiliencia, obteniéndose un valor de 0.2982 para la ciudad de Chetumal. Este valor indica una resiliencia baja, asociada principalmente a los componentes recursos y redundancia. Con base en lo anterior, se deben reforzar ambos componentes para elevar la resiliencia con énfasis en la aplicación de normativas e instrumentos de planeación territorial, planes de emergenciaen caso de inundaciones, planes de mantenimiento de la infraestructura pluvial, así como  inversión enprogramas de prevención

Ant-Pollinator Conflict Results in Pollinator Deterrence but no Nectar Trade-Offs

Direct and indirect negative interactions between ant guards and pollinators on ant-plants are expected for two reasons. First, aggressive ants may deter pollinators directly. Second, pollinators benefit from plant investment in reproduction whilst ants benefit from plant investment in indirect defense, and resource allocation trade-offs between these functions could lead to indirect conflict. We explored the potential for ant-pollinator conflict in a Mexican myrmecophile, Turnera velutina, which rewards ants with extrafloral nectar and pollinators with floral nectar. We characterized the daily timing of ant and pollinator activity on the plant and used experiments to test for direct and indirect conflict between these two groups of mutualists. We tested for direct conflict by quantifying pollinator responses to flowers containing dead specimens of aggressive ant species, relative to unoccupied control flowers. We assessed indirect conflict by testing for the existence of a trade-off in sugar allocation between ant and pollinator rewards, evidenced by an increase in floral nectar secretion when extrafloral nectar secretion was prevented. Secretion of floral and extrafloral nectar, activity of ants and pollinators, and pollen deposition all overlapped in daily time and peaked within the first 2 h after flowers opened. We found evidence of direct conflict, in that presence of ants inside the flowers altered pollinator behavior and reduced visit duration, although visit frequency was unchanged. We found no evidence for indirect conflict, with no significant difference in the volume or sugar content of floral nectar between control plants and those in which extrafloral nectar secretion was prevented. The presence of ants in flowers alters pollinator behavior in ways that are likely to affect pollination dynamics, though there is no apparent trade-off between plant investment in nectar rewards for pollinators and ant guards. Further studies are required to quantify the effect of the natural abundance of ants in flowers on pollinator behavior, and any associated impacts on plant reproductive success

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Gasto público en educación e investigación agrícola de México (1995-2010)

Federal public spending for promotion of the agricultural sector in Mexico during the mid-20th century was characterized by a high public intervention in irrigation infrastructure and modernization of the Mexican farmland. In contrast, at the end of the last century, public transferences were destined mainly to backing the income of farmers. Therefore, this study evaluates the impact of federal agricultural public spending in Mexico and its research and education components, on agricultural growth during 1995-2010. The analysis of the Agriculture Orientation Index revealed that the public sector gave more importance to public transferences of sectors other than agriculture. In addition, a decreasing trend was observed in the participation of the agricultural sector in the economy as a whole. It was found that public transferences destined to the promotion of agriculture return to the sector, increased six-fold in a period of one year; meanwhile the expenditure in agricultural education and science returned hundredfold in a lapse of four years. It is recommended to devote more resources to programs for promotion of agricultural education and research, strengthening productive chains and driving competitiveness and agrifood development.El gasto público federal de fomento al sector agrícola en México a mediados del siglo pasado se caracterizó por una alta intervención pública en infraestructura de riego y modernización del campo mexicano. En contraste, a finales del siglo pasado, las transferencias públicas se destinaron principalmente al apoyo del ingreso de los productores agrícolas. Por ello, el presente trabajo evalúa la incidencia del gasto público agrícola federal de México y sus componentes de investigación y educación, en el crecimiento agrícola durante 1995-2010. El análisis del Índice de Orientación Agrícola reveló que el sector público dio mayor relevancia a las transferencias públicas de otros sectores que a la agricultura. Además, se observó una tendencia descendente en la participación del sector agrícola en la economía en conjunto. Se encontró que las transferencias públicas destinadas al fomento de la agricultura regresan al sector, incrementado seis veces más en un periodo de un año; en tanto que el gasto en educación y ciencia agrícola retornaron cien veces más, en un lapso de cuatro años. Se recomienda destinar mayores recursos a programas de fomento a la educación e investigación agrícola, fortaleciendo las cadenas productivas e impulsando la competitividad y el desarrollo agroalimentario

Presentación

La gestión de información sobre riesgos ante desastres hidrometeorológicos en México constituye un reto significativo, puesto que exige reunir sistemas básicos de monitoreo y control de información que permitan tomar decisiones a los gestores del riesgo para diversas escalas temporales y espaciales. El monitoreo sirve para diseñar procedimientos rigurosos de generación de información sobre las causas y efectos de los desastres, centrado en la definición conceptual, los factores que los propician, las variables para su estimación y valoración, siendo la generación y análisis de datos (cuantitativos y cualitativos) una tarea fundamental. El control de información nos permite validar los resultados de los modelos que se han diseñado para el análisis de los riesgos, su significancia, el uso de la información y las decisiones informadas

How reproductive, vegetative and defensive strategies of mediterranean grassland species respond to a grazing intensity gradient

We analysed the morpho-functional response of grassland species to a grazing intensity gradient (1-3.5 sheep ha-1) in the Mediterranean-type climate region of Chile. A total of nine morphofunctional traits (with a total of 24 attributes) were determined for 79 herbaceous plant species. Valuation of the traits enabled calculation of the reproductive, vegetative and defensive potentials for each species. A classification analysis for species x potentials identified five groups of plant functional strategies, and we analysed their responses along a grazing intensity gradient both for native and non-native species. The defensive potential of the species was negatively correlated with reproductive but was not significant in relation to vegetative potential. Grazing intensification favoured the presence of species with high defensive potential, to the detriment of those with high reproductive potential. This process affected both native and non-native species, but was more intense in the former presenting higher defensive potential. The functional group with a higher defensive strategy showed an increase in relative frequency with grazing intensity. However, self-defence alone is insufficient. This group also presents a certain reproductive potential that ensures the persistence of its annual or biennial species. The functional group combining high reproductive and vegetative potentials is the one that exhibits the biggest decrease in relative frequency due to intensified grazing. This group, however, is dominant in all the stocking treatments. All the functional groups identified include both native and non-native species, although the former dominate in those with greater defensive potential.Fil: de Miguel, J. M.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Casado, M. A.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Del Pozo, A.. Universidad de Talca; ChileFil: Ovalle, C.. Instituto de Investigaciones agropecuarias. Centro Regional Investigación Quilamapu; ChileFil: Moreno-Casasola, P.. Instituto de Ecologia; ChileFil: Travieso-Bello, A. C.. Instituto de Ecologia; ChileFil: Barrera, Marcelo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Investigación en Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Ricardo, N.. Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática; CubaFil: Tecco, Paula Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Acosta, B.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Españ