Telomere length tracking in children and their parents:Implications for adult onset diseases

Adults with comparatively short or long leukocyte telomere length (LTL) typically continue to display comparatively short or long LTL throughout life. This LTL tracking stems from the inability of person-to-person variation in age-dependent LTL shortening during adulthood to offset the wide interindividual LTL variation established prior to adult life. However, LTL tracking in children is unstudied. This study aimed to examine LTL shortening rates and tracking in children and their parents. Longitudinal study in children (n = 67) and their parents (n = 99), whose ages at baseline were 11.4 +/- 0.3 and 43.4 +/- 0.4 yr, respectively. LTL was measured by Southern blotting at baseline and similar to 14 yr thereafter. LTL displayed tracking in both children [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.905, P <0.001] and their parents (ICC = 0.856, P <0.001). The children's rate of LTL shortening was twice that of their parents (40.7 +/- 2.5 bp/yr; 20.3 +/- 2.1 bp/yr, respectively; P <0.0001). LTL tracking applies not only to adulthood but also to the second decade of life. Coupled with previous work showing that the interindividual variation in LTL across newborns is as wide as in their parents, these findings support the thesis that the LTL-adult disease connection is principally determined before the second decade of life, perhaps mainly at birth

A short leucocyte telomere length is associated with development of insulin resistance

International audienceAIMS/HYPOTHESIS:A number of studies have shown that leucocyte telomere length (LTL) is inversely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present longitudinal cohort study, utilising a twin design, was to assess whether shorter LTL predicts insulin resistance or is a consequence thereof.METHODS:Participants were recruited between 1997 and 2000 through the population-based national Danish Twin Registry to participate in the GEMINAKAR study, a longitudinal evaluation of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk factors. Baseline and follow-up measurements of LTL and insulin resistance over an average of 12 years were performed in a subset of the Registry consisting of 338 (184 monozygotic and 154 dizygotic) same-sex twin pairs.RESULTS:Age at baseline examination was 37.4 ± 9.6 (mean ± SD) years. Baseline insulin resistance was not associated with age-dependent changes in LTL (attrition) over the follow-up period, whereas baseline LTL was associated with changes in insulin resistance during this period. The shorter the LTL at baseline, the more pronounced was the increase in insulin resistance over the follow-up period (p < 0.001); this effect was additive to that of BMI. The co-twin with the shorter baseline LTL displayed higher insulin resistance at follow-up than the co-twin with the longer LTL.CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION:These findings suggest that individuals with short LTL are more likely to develop insulin resistance later in life. By contrast, presence of insulin resistance does not accelerate LTL attrition

Buildup from birth onward of short telomeres in human hematopoietic cells

Telomere length (TL) limits somatic cell replication. However, the shortest among the telomeres in each nucleus, not mean TL, is thought to induce replicative senescence. Researchers have relied on Southern blotting (SB), and techniques calibrated by SB, for precise measurements of TL in epidemiological studies. However, SB provides little information on the shortest telomeres among the 92 telomeres in the nucleus of human somatic cells. Therefore, little is known about the accumulation of short telomeres with age, or whether it limits the human lifespan. To fill this knowledge void, we used the Telomere-Shortest-Length-Assay (TeSLA), a method that tallies and measures single telomeres of all chromosomes. We charted the age-dependent buildup of short telomeres (&lt;3 kb) in human hematopoietic cells from 334 individuals (birth-89 years) from the general population, and 18 patients with dyskeratosis congenita-telomere biology disorders (DC/TBDs), whose hematopoietic cells have presumably reached or are close to their replicative limit. For comparison, we also measured TL with SB. We found that in hematopoietic cells, the buildup of short telomeres occurs in parallel with the shortening with age of mean TL. However, the proportion of short telomeres was lower in octogenarians from the general population than in patients with DC/TBDs. At any age, mean TL was longer and the proportion of short telomeres lower in females than in males. We conclude that though converging to the TL-mediated replicative limit, hematopoietic cell telomeres are unlikely to reach this limit during the lifespan of most contemporary humans.</p

On the abundance of non-cometary HCN on Jupiter

Using one-dimensional thermochemical/photochemical kinetics and transport models, we examine the chemistry of nitrogen-bearing species in the Jovian troposphere in an attempt to explain the low observational upper limit for HCN. We track the dominant mechanisms for interconversion of N2-NH3 and HCN-NH3 in the deep, hightemperature troposphere and predict the rate-limiting step for the quenching of HCN at cooler tropospheric altitudes. Consistent with other investigations that were based solely on time-scale arguments, our models suggest that transport-induced quenching of thermochemically derived HCN leads to very small predicted mole fractions of hydrogen cyanide in Jupiter's upper troposphere. By the same token, photochemical production of HCN is ineffective in Jupiter's troposphere: CH4-NH3 coupling is inhibited by the physical separation of the CH4 photolysis region in the upper stratosphere from the NH3 photolysis and condensation region in the troposphere, and C2H2-NH3 coupling is inhibited by the low tropospheric abundance of C2H2. The upper limits from infrared and submillimeter observations can be used to place constraints on the production of HCN and other species from lightning and thundershock sources.Comment: 56 pages, 0 tables, 6 figures. Submitted to Faraday Discussions [in press

TERC Variants Associated with Short Leukocyte Telomeres: Implication of Higher Early Life Leukocyte Telomere Attrition as Assessed by the Blood-and-Muscle Model

Short leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Mendelian randomisation studies, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with short LTL, infer a causal role of LTL in ASCVD. Recent results, using the blood-and-muscle model, indicate that higher early life LTL attrition, as estimated by the ratio between LTL and skeletal muscle telomere length (MTL), rather than short LTL at conception, as estimated by MTL, should be responsible of the ASCVD-LTL connection. We combined LTL and MTL measurements and SNPs profiling in 402 individuals to determine if 15 SNPs classically described as associated with short LTL at adult age were rather responsible for higher LTL attrition during early life than for shorter LTL at birth. Two of these SNPs (rs12696304 and rs10936599) were associated with LTL in our cohort (p = 0.027 and p = 0.025, respectively). These SNPs, both located on the TERC gene, were associated with the LTL/MTL ratio (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037, respectively), but not with MTL (p = 0.78 and p = 0.32 respectively). These results suggest that SNPs located on genes coding for telomere maintenance proteins may contribute to a higher LTL attrition during the highly replicative first years of life and have an impact later on the development of ASCVD

Role of elastin-derived peptides in tumor progression of lung carcinomas

Au cours de l'invasion tumorale, la matrice extracellulaire du tissu broncho-pulmonaire, riche en élastine, subit de nombreux remaniements. La dégradation de cette élastine conduit à la production de peptides bioactifs. Ces peptides d'élastine (PE) possèdent un récepteur spécifique, le complexe récepteur de l'élastine (CRE), et peuvent également interagir avec l'intégrine alphavbeta3 et la galectine-3. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié le rôle des PE et de leurs récepteurs dans la progression tumorale des carcinomes broncho-pulmonaires.Des cellules épithéliales bronchiques tumorales sont incubées in vitro avec un mélange de PE, la kappa-élastine (kE), ou avec des peptides synthétiques. Le traitement par les peptides entraine une augmentation de la capacité infiltrante des cellules invasives associée à un relargage précoce de MMP 2, MMP 9 et uPA mais n'a pas d'effet sur la prolifération et le phénotype cellulaire. Les niveaux d'ARNm des 3 protéases stimulées ne sont pas modifiés et ni l'actinomycine D, ni le cycloheximide ou la bréfeldine A ne sont capables d'inhiber les effets liés à la kE. Ces effets ne sont pas non plus inhibés par le lactose et les autres antagonistes des trois récepteurs. Enfin, les peptides VGVAPG et GRKRK, présentant les séquences spécifiques reconnues par les récepteurs, ne réussissent pas à reproduire les effets observés avec la kE, alors que des nonapeptides les reproduisent de façon quasi-identique.Ces résultats montrent que les PE régulent la capacité invasive des carcinomes broncho-pulmonaires, via le relargage d'enzymes protéolytiques. Cette modulation mettrait en jeu des mécanismes post-traductionnels et un récepteur lactose-insensible, différent du CRE, de l'intégrine alphavbeta3 et de la galectine-3, et reconnaissant des nonapeptides d'élastine.Elastin-rich lung extra-cellular matrix is largely remodeled during tumor invasion. Elastin degradation produces peptides displaying a wide range of biological activities. These elastin derived peptides (EP) interact with the Elastin Receptor Complex (ERC) but also bind to alphaVbeta3 integrin and galectin-3. In this study, we explored the role of EP and their receptors in tumor progression of lung carcinomas.In vitro, lung tumor cells were incubated in presence of kappa-elastin (kE), a mix of EP or with synthetic elastin peptides. EP treatment induced an increase of invasive capacity of invasive cells with quickly increased levels of MMP-2, MMP 9 and uPA but had no effect on cell proliferation and phenotype. Interestingly, protease regulation was not observed at the mRNA level and actinomycin D, cycloheximide and brefeldin A were unable to inhibit kE effects. These effects could not be inhibited either by classical receptor antagonists including lactose or blocking antibodies. Finally, synthetic peptides VGVAPG and GRKRK, displaying receptor-specific sequences, failed to reproduce kE effects whereas nonapeptides partially mimicked them.These results demonstrate that treatment with EP up-regulates invasiveness of lung tumor cells via the release of proteolytic enzymes. This modulation involves post-translational mechanisms and a lactose-insensitive receptor, different from the ERC, alphaVbeta3 integrin and galectin-3 and recognizing nonapeptidic sequences

Ovarian Telomerase and Female Fertility

International audienceWomen’s fertility is characterized both quantitatively and qualitatively mainly by the pool of ovarian follicles. Monthly, gonadotropins cause an intense multiplication of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte. This step of follicular development requires a high proliferation ability for these cells. Telomere length plays a crucial role in the mitotic index of human cells. Hence, disrupting telomere homeostasis could directly affect women’s fertility. Strongly expressed in ovaries, telomerase is the most effective factor to limit telomeric attrition and preserve ovarian reserve. Considering these facts, two situations of infertility could be correlated with the length of telomeres and ovarian telomerase activity: PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), which is associated with a high density of small antral follicles, and Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), which is associated with a premature decrease in ovarian reserve. Several authors have studied this topic, expecting to find long telomeres and strong telomerase activity in PCOS and short telomeres and low telomerase activity in POF patients. Although the results of these studies are contradictory, telomere length and the ovarian telomerase impact in women’s fertility disorders appear obvious. In this context, our research perspectives aimed to explore the stimulation of ovarian telomerase to limit the decrease in the follicular pool while avoiding an increase in cancer risk