Perlindungan hukum terhadap pasien BPJS Kesehatan dalam mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan di RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya

Program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional-Kartu Indonesia Sehat (JKN-KIS) yang diselenggarakan oleh Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS Kesehatan) merupakan program pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini mengkaji pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum terhadap pasien peserta JKN-KIS BPJS Kesehatan dalam mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit. Aspek yang dikaji meliputi prosedur pelayanan kesehatan, penyelesaian pengaduan/keluhan, dan hambatan pelaksanaan perlindungan terhadap pasien JKN-KIS BPJS Kesehatan di RSUD dr Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif kualitatif, menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris. Data dikumpulkan dari literature, peraturan perundang-undangan tentang JKN-KIS BPJS Kesehatan, data sekunder dari BPJS Kesehatan dan RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus Palangka Raya serta pasien peserta JKN-KIS. Berdasarkan penelitian disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum terhadap pasien peserta JKN-KIS BPJS Kesehatan di RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus dikategorikan baik. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan terpenuhinya informasi mengenai tata tertib dan peraturan di rumah sakit, informasi hak dan kewajiban pasien, informasi diagnosis dan tatacara tindakan medis dari tenaga kesehatan, adanya jaminan keamanan dan keselamatan selama di rumah sakit serta adanya tempat penanganan pengaduan/keluhan pasien yang disediakan pihak rumah sakit. Hambatan pelaksanaan perlindungan terhadap pasien peserta JKN-KIS BPJS Kesehatan di RSUD dr Doris Sylvanus adalah adanya pasien yang tidak membayar iuran, pasien peserta JKN-KIS tidak mengetahui prosedur pelayanan BPJS Kesehatan, standar waktu tunggu mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan relatif lama, dan belum tersedianya sebagian sub spesialis tenaga kesehatan di rumah sakit

'We'll give up our blood but not our gold': money, debt, and the balance of payments in Poland's Great Depression

The Great Depression was the pre-eminent macroeconomic event of the 20th Century, yet our understanding of it remains highly uneven. Very little has been written since the advent of modern quantitative research methods about the Depression in Eastern Europe. The case of Poland presents a particular puzzle for the literature, which since the mid-1980s has stressed the international gold standard as the main channel through which the Depression was propagated internationally. Seen from one perspective, Poland fits this ‘Golden Fetters’ thesis neatly: it was one of the last countries to abandon the gold standard, remaining in the “Gold Bloc” through April 1936, and suffered correspondingly, with a 25% fall in real GDP during the crisis. The puzzle, rather, is how Poland, a heavily indebted, poor, largely agrarian economy was able to maintain its commitment to gold for seven years—and, given the economic cost of doing so, why it was willing to. This dissertation examines Poland’s long tenure on gold from three angles: the genesis of the Polish Złoty in the hyperinflation of the 1920s; a comparative study of Polish, German, Austrian and Hungarian sovereign bond yields during the Depression to establish why the latter three countries defaulted and Poland did not; and, finally, a detailed examination of the balance sheets and internal documents of the Bank of Poland to uncover how it managed to defend the Złoty’s gold parity through 1936. I find that the common thread running through Poland’s monetary history throughout the interwar period is geopolitical: the monetary policy followed the needs of national security, particularly the shifting alliance with France, at once Poland’s closest strategic partner and the leading gold-standard economy. The failure of this alliance to prevent Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland provided the direct impetus for Poland’s decision to shed its ‘golden fetters’

'We'll give up our blood but not our gold': money, debt, and the balance of payments in Poland's Great Depression

The Great Depression was the pre-eminent macroeconomic event of the 20th Century, yet our understanding of it remains highly uneven. Very little has been written since the advent of modern quantitative research methods about the Depression in Eastern Europe. The case of Poland presents a particular puzzle for the literature, which since the mid-1980s has stressed the international gold standard as the main channel through which the Depression was propagated internationally. Seen from one perspective, Poland fits this ‘Golden Fetters’ thesis neatly: it was one of the last countries to abandon the gold standard, remaining in the “Gold Bloc” through April 1936, and suffered correspondingly, with a 25% fall in real GDP during the crisis. The puzzle, rather, is how Poland, a heavily indebted, poor, largely agrarian economy was able to maintain its commitment to gold for seven years—and, given the economic cost of doing so, why it was willing to. This dissertation examines Poland’s long tenure on gold from three angles: the genesis of the Polish Złoty in the hyperinflation of the 1920s; a comparative study of Polish, German, Austrian and Hungarian sovereign bond yields during the Depression to establish why the latter three countries defaulted and Poland did not; and, finally, a detailed examination of the balance sheets and internal documents of the Bank of Poland to uncover how it managed to defend the Złoty’s gold parity through 1936. I find that the common thread running through Poland’s monetary history throughout the interwar period is geopolitical: the monetary policy followed the needs of national security, particularly the shifting alliance with France, at once Poland’s closest strategic partner and the leading gold-standard economy. The failure of this alliance to prevent Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland provided the direct impetus for Poland’s decision to shed its ‘golden fetters’

Integration of Services for Victims of Child Sexual Abuse at the University Teaching Hospital One-Stop Centre

Objective. To improve care of sexually abused children by establishment of a "One Stop Centre" at the University Teaching Hospital. Methodology. Prior to opening of the One Stop Centre, a management team comprising of clinical departmental heads and a technical group of professionals (health workers, police, psychosocial counselors lawyers and media) were put in place. The team evaluated and identified gaps and weaknesses on the management of sexually abused children prevailing in Zambia. A manual was produced which would be used to train all professionals manning a One Stop Centre. A team of consultants from abroad were identified to offer need based training activities and a database was developed. Results. A multidisciplinary team comprising of health workers, police and psychosocial counselors now man the centre. The centre is assisted by lawyers as and when required. UTH is offering training to other areas of the country to establish similar services by using a Trainer of Trainers model. A comprehensive database has been established for Lusaka province. Conclusion. For establishment of a One Stop Centre, there needs to be a core group comprising of managers as well as a technical team committed to the management and protection of sexually abused children.Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Zambia; Zambia Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; Zambia Victim Support Unit; UNICEF Zambi

Restriction of HIV-1 Genotypes in Breast Milk Does Not Account for the Population Transmission Genetic Bottleneck That Occurs following Transmission

BACKGROUND. Breast milk transmission of HIV-1 remains a major route of pediatric infection. Defining the characteristics of viral variants to which breastfeeding infants are exposed is important for understanding the genetic bottleneck that occurs in the majority of mother-to-child transmissions. The blood-milk epithelial barrier markedly restricts the quantity of HIV-1 in breast milk, even in the absence of antiretroviral drugs. The basis of this restriction and the genetic relationship between breast milk and blood variants are not well established. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. We compared 356 HIV-1 subtype C gp160 envelope (env) gene sequences from the plasma and breast milk of 13 breastfeeding women. A trend towards lower viral population diversity and divergence in breast milk was observed, potentially indicative of clonal expansion within the breast. No differences in potential N-linked glycosylation site numbers or in gp160 variable loop amino acid lengths were identified. Genetic compartmentalization was evident in only one out of six subjects in whom contemporaneously obtained samples were studied. However, in samples that were collected 10 or more days apart, six of seven subjects were classified as having compartmentalized viral populations, highlighting the necessity of contemporaneous sampling for genetic compartmentalization studies. We found evidence of CXCR4 co-receptor using viruses in breast milk and blood in nine out of the thirteen subjects, but no evidence of preferential localization of these variants in either tissue. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE. Despite marked restriction of HIV-1 quantities in milk, our data indicate intermixing of virus between blood and breast milk. Thus, we found no evidence that a restriction in viral genotype diversity in breast milk accounts for the genetic bottleneck observed following transmission. In addition, our results highlight the rapidity of HIV-1 env evolution and the importance of sample timing in analyses of gene flow.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Health (R01 HD 39611, R01 HD 40777); International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group (U01 AI068632-01); National Institutes of Health Cellular, Biochemical; Molecular Sciences Training Program Grant (T 32 067587

Integration of Services for Victims of Child Sexual Abuse at the University Teaching Hospital One-Stop Centre

Objective. To improve care of sexually abused children by establishment of a “One Stop Centre” at the University Teaching Hospital. Methodology. Prior to opening of the One Stop Centre, a management team comprising of clinical departmental heads and a technical group of professionals (health workers, police, psychosocial counselors lawyers and media) were put in place. The team evaluated and identified gaps and weaknesses on the management of sexually abused children prevailing in Zambia. A manual was produced which would be used to train all professionals manning a One Stop Centre. A team of consultants from abroad were identified to offer need based training activities and a database was developed. Results. A multidisciplinary team comprising of health workers, police and psychosocial counselors now man the centre. The centre is assisted by lawyers as and when required. UTH is offering training to other areas of the country to establish similar services by using a Trainer of Trainers model. A comprehensive database has been established for Lusaka province. Conclusion. For establishment of a One Stop Centre, there needs to be a core group comprising of managers as well as a technical team committed to the management and protection of sexually abused children

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The performance of muon reconstruction, identification, and triggering in CMS has been studied using 40 inverse picobarns of data collected in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV at the LHC in 2010. A few benchmark sets of selection criteria covering a wide range of physics analysis needs have been examined. For all considered selections, the efficiency to reconstruct and identify a muon with a transverse momentum pT larger than a few GeV is above 95% over the whole region of pseudorapidity covered by the CMS muon system, abs(eta) < 2.4, while the probability to misidentify a hadron as a muon is well below 1%. The efficiency to trigger on single muons with pT above a few GeV is higher than 90% over the full eta range, and typically substantially better. The overall momentum scale is measured to a precision of 0.2% with muons from Z decays. The transverse momentum resolution varies from 1% to 6% depending on pseudorapidity for muons with pT below 100 GeV and, using cosmic rays, it is shown to be better than 10% in the central region up to pT = 1 TeV. Observed distributions of all quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles at high transverse momenta in PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV

The azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in PbPb collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV is measured with the CMS detector at the LHC over an extended transverse momentum (pt) range up to approximately 60 GeV. The data cover both the low-pt region associated with hydrodynamic flow phenomena and the high-pt region where the anisotropies may reflect the path-length dependence of parton energy loss in the created medium. The anisotropy parameter (v2) of the particles is extracted by correlating charged tracks with respect to the event-plane reconstructed by using the energy deposited in forward-angle calorimeters. For the six bins of collision centrality studied, spanning the range of 0-60% most-central events, the observed v2 values are found to first increase with pt, reaching a maximum around pt = 3 GeV, and then to gradually decrease to almost zero, with the decline persisting up to at least pt = 40 GeV over the full centrality range measured.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu channel in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

A search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H to ZZ to 2l 2nu decay channel, where l = e or mu, in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The data were collected at the LHC, with the CMS detector, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 inverse femtobarns. No significant excess is observed above the background expectation, and upper limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section. The presence of the standard model Higgs boson with a mass in the 270-440 GeV range is excluded at 95% confidence level.Comment: Submitted to JHE