Magnetic Response of Aperiodic Wire Networks Based on Fibonacci Distortions of Square Antidot Lattices

The static and dynamic magnetic responses of patterned ferromagnetic thin films are uniquely altered in the case of aperiodic patterns that retain long-range order (e.g., quasicrystals). We have fabricated permalloy wire networks based on periodic square antidot lattices (ADLs) distorted according to an aperiodic Fibonacci sequence applied to two lattice translations, d1  = 1618 nm and d2  = 1000 nm. The wire segment thickness is fixed at t = 25 nm, and the width W varies from 80 to 510 nm. We measured the DC magnetization between room temperature and 5 K. Room-temperature, narrow-band (9.7 GHz) ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra were acquired for various directions of applied magnetic field. The DC magnetization curves exhibited pronounced step anomalies and plateaus that signal flux closure states. Although the Fibonacci distortion breaks the fourfold symmetry of a finite periodic square ADL, the FMR data exhibit fourfold rotational symmetry with respect to the applied DC magnetic field direction

Direct Imaging of Coexisting Ordered and Frustrated Sublattices in Artificial Ferromagnetic Quasicrystals

We have used scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis and photoemission electron microscopy to image the two-dimensional magnetization of permalloy films patterned into Penrose P2 tilings (P2T). The interplay of exchange interactions in asymmetrically coordinated vertices and short-range dipole interactions among connected film segments stabilize magnetically ordered, spatially distinct sublattices that coexist with frustrated sublattices at room temperature. Numerical simulations that include long-range dipole interactions between sublattices agree with images of as-grown P2T samples and predict a magnetically ordered ground state for a two-dimensional quasicrystal lattice of classical Ising spins

Association of plasma Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio and brain Aβ accumulation: testing a whole-brain PLS-VIP in individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease

Molecular and brain regional/network-wise pathophysiological changes at preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have primarily been found through knowledge-based studies conducted in late-stage mild cognitive impairment/dementia populations. However, such an approach may compromise the objective of identifying the earliest spatial-temporal pathophysiological processes. We investigated 261 individuals with subjective memory complaints, a condition at increased risk of AD, to test a whole-brain, non-a-priori method based on partial least squares, in unraveling the association between plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and an extensive set of brain regions characterized through molecular imaging of Aβ accumulation and cortical metabolism. Significant associations were mapped onto large-scale networks, identified through an atlas and by knowledge, to elaborate on the reliability of the results. Plasma Aβ42/40 ratio was associated with Aβ-PET uptake (but not FDG-PET) in regions generally investigated in preclinical AD such as those belonging to the default mode network, but also in regions/networks normally not accounted - including the central executive and salience networks - which likely have a selective vulnerability to incipient Aβ accumulation. The present whole-brain approach is promising to investigate early pathophysiological changes of AD to fully capture the complexity of the disease, which is essential to develop timely screening, detection, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions

Robust automated detection of microstructural white matter degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease using machine learning classification of multicenter DTI data

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based assessment of white matter fiber tract integrity can support the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The use of DTI as a biomarker, however, depends on its applicability in a multicenter setting accounting for effects of different MRI scanners. We applied multivariate machine learning (ML) to a large multicenter sample from the recently created framework of the European DTI study on Dementia (EDSD). We hypothesized that ML approaches may amend effects of multicenter acquisition. We included a sample of 137 patients with clinically probable AD (MMSE 20.6±5.3) and 143 healthy elderly controls, scanned in nine different scanners. For diagnostic classification we used the DTI indices fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) and, for comparison, gray matter and white matter density maps from anatomical MRI. Data were classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a Naïve Bayes (NB) classifier. We used two cross-validation approaches, (i) test and training samples randomly drawn from the entire data set (pooled cross-validation) and (ii) data from each scanner as test set, and the data from the remaining scanners as training set (scanner-specific cross-validation). In the pooled cross-validation, SVM achieved an accuracy of 80% for FA and 83% for MD. Accuracies for NB were significantly lower, ranging between 68% and 75%. Removing variance components arising from scanners using principal component analysis did not significantly change the classification results for both classifiers. For the scanner-specific cross-validation, the classification accuracy was reduced for both SVM and NB. After mean correction, classification accuracy reached a level comparable to the results obtained from the pooled cross-validation. Our findings support the notion that machine learning classification allows robust classification of DTI data sets arising from multiple scanners, even if a new data set comes from a scanner that was not part of the training sample

Simple top-down preparation of magnetic Bi0.9_{0.9}Gd0.1_{0.1}Fe1−x_{1-x}Tix_xO3_3 nanoparticles by ultrasonication of multiferroic bulk material

We present a simple technique to synthesize ultrafine nanoparticles directly from bulk multiferroic perovskite powder. The starting materials, which were ceramic pellets of the nominal compositions of Bi$_{0.9}$Gd$_{0.1}$Fe$_{1-x}$Ti$_x$O$_3$ (x = 0.00-0.20), were prepared initially by a solid state reaction technique, then ground into micrometer-sized powders and mixed with isopropanol or water in an ultrasonic bath. The particle size was studied as a function of sonication time with transmission electron microscopic imaging and electron diffraction that confirmed the formation of a large fraction of single-crystalline nanoparticles with a mean size of 11-13 nm. A significant improvement in the magnetic behavior of Bi$_{0.9}$Gd$_{0.1}$Fe$_{1-x}$Ti$_x$O$_3$ nanoparticles compared to their bulk counterparts was observed at room temperature. This sonication technique may be considered as a simple and promising route to prepare ultrafine nanoparticles for functional applications.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Plasma β-secretase1 concentrations correlate with basal forebrain atrophy and neurodegeneration in cognitively healthy individuals at risk for AD

BACKGROUND: Increased β-secretase 1 (BACE1) protein concentration, in body fluids, is a candidate biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD).We reported that plasma BACE1 protein concentrations are associated with the levels of brain amyloidβ (Αβ) accumulation in cognitively healthy individuals with subjective memory complaint (SMC). METHODS: In 302 individuals from the same cohort, we investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between plasma BACE1 protein concentrations and AD biomarkers of neurodegeneration (plasma t-tau and Neurofilament light chain (NfL), fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), brain volumes in the basal forebrain [BF], hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex). RESULTS: We report a positive longitudinal correlation of BACE1 with both NfL and t-tau, as well as a correlation between annual BACE1 changes and bi-annual reduction of BF volume. We show a positive association between BACE1 and FDG-PET signal at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The association between plasma BACE1 protein concentrations and BF atrophy we found in cognitively healthy individuals with SMC corroborates translational studies, suggesting a role of BACE1 in neurodegeneration

Discriminant analysis of intermediate brain atrophy rates in longitudinal diagnosis of alzheimer's disease

Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease through MRI neuroimaging biomarkers has been used as a complementary marker for traditional clinical markers to improve diagnostic accuracy and also help in developing new pharmacotherapeutic trials. It has been revealed that longitudinal analysis of the whole brain atrophy has the power of discriminating Alzheimer's disease and elderly normal controls. In this work, effect of involving intermediate atrophy rates and impact of using uncorrelated principal components of these features instead of original ones on discriminating normal controls and Alzheimer's disease subjects, is inspected. In fact, linear discriminative analysis of atrophy rates is used to classify subjects into Alzheimer's disease and controls. Leave-one-out cross-validation has been adopted to evaluate the generalization rate of the classifier along with its memorization. Results show that incorporating uncorrelated version of intermediate features leads to the same memorization performance as the original ones but higher generalization rate. As a conclusion, it is revealed that in a longitudinal study, using intermediate MRI scans and transferring them to an uncorrelated feature space can improve diagnostic accuracy

The influence of semantic and phonological factors on syntactic decisions: An event-related brain potential study

During language production and comprehension, information about a word's syntactic properties is sometimes needed. While the decision about the grammatical gender of a word requires access to syntactic knowledge, it has also been hypothesized that semantic (i.e., biological gender) or phonological information (i.e., sound regularities) may influence this decision. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured while native speakers of German processed written words that were or were not semantically and/or phonologically marked for gender. Behavioral and ERP results showed that participants were faster in making a gender decision when words were semantically and/or phonologically gender marked than when this was not the case, although the phonological effects were less clear. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that even though participants performed a grammatical gender decision, this task can be influenced by semantic and phonological factors

Nachweis von PAK-metabolisierenden Mikroorganismen durch kulturelle und molekularbiologische Verfahren

Zielsetzung der Arbeit war der Nachweis von PAK-abbauenden Mikroorganismen in Umweltproben mittels klassischer mikrobiologischer Arbeitstechniken und molekular-biologischer Methoden. Durch selektive Anreicherung wurden Bakterien mit der Fähigkeit Polyzyklische Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) abzubauen, in aquatischen und terrestrischen Umweltproben nachgewiesen. Unabhängig von der Belastung der Standorte mit PAK wurden aus allen untersuchten Habitaten Bakterien isoliert, die mit Naphthalin oder Phenanthren als alleiniger Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle wachsen konnten. Die 23 isolierten PAK-abbauenden Bakterien konnten als Mitglieder der Gattungen Sphingomonas, Acidovorax, Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus und Paenibacillus identifiziert werden und waren somit den alpha-, beta- und gamma-Subklassen der Proteobakterien und den Entwicklungslinien der grampositiven Bakterien mit hohem und niedrigem GC-Gehalt der DNA zuzuordnen. Die größte Gruppe bildeten mit 10 der 23 Isolate Vertreter der Gattung Pseudomonas, die alle Naphthalin metabolisierten. Die Quantifizierung des Naphthalin-Abbaus mittels gaschromatographischer Verfahren zeigte, daß in Flüssigmedium vorhandenes kristallines Naphthalin (0,05%, w/v) von den meisten Stämmen nach nur zwei Tagen Kultivierungsdauer vollständig metabolisiert wurde. Die getesteten Rhodococcus Isolate bauten Naphthalin wesentlich langsamer ab, als die verschiedenen Isolate, die den Proteobakterien zugeordnet wurden. Der dreikernige Aromat Phenanthren wurde von den getesteten Bakterienstämmen langsamer abgebaut als Naphthalin. Innerhalb von fünf Tagen wurde die Phenanthrenmenge im Medium auf 40-60% der Ausgangsmenge reduziert. Die Untersuchung des Naphthalinabbaus durch Zellen, die zuvor in Naphthalin-haltigem Medium bzw. in Vollmedium vorkultiviert worden waren, ergab, daß die Enzyme für den Abbau von Naphthalin in Abwesenheit eines Induktors nicht exprimiert wurden. Ebenso zeigte sich, daß Zellen, die in Medium mit Naphthalin oder Phenanthren kultiviert wurden, wesentlich höhere Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase (C23O)-Aktivitäten aufwiesen als in Voll-medium gewachsene Zellen. Zum Nachweis von PAK-Abbauern auf molekulargenetischer Ebene wurden, basierend auf bekannten Sequenzen, PCR-Primer und Oligonukleotidsonden für codierende Abschnitte der C23O entwickelt, und, in Kombination mit Primern und Oligonukleotidsonden, zur Detektion der initialen PAK-Dioxygenase (entwickelt von R. Moser, TU-Berlin), eingesetzt. Mit den entworfenen Primern und Sonden konnten die C23O-Sequenzabschnitte bei allen PAK-abbauenden Referenzstämmen und Isolaten, die der Gattung Pseudomonas und Sphingomonas zugehörten, spezifisch detektiert werden. Durch die Anwendung spezifischer Primer und Sonden konnten dabei die Gene der C23O für Vertreter der Pseudomonaden und Sphingomonaden getrennt voneinander erfaßt werden. Sequenzanalysen der erhaltenen PCR-Amplifikate zeigten, daß die C23O-Gene innerhalb der Gattungen Pseudomonas bzw. Sphingomonas mit über 75% Sequenzähnlichkeit sehr gut konserviert sind. Dagegen waren Sequenzen der katabolischen Gene der PAK-abbauenden Comamonas-, Acidovorax- oder Rhodococcus-Vertreter offensichtlich zu verschieden, verglichen mit den Pseudomonas- und Sphingomonas-Sequenzen, um sie mittels der entwickelten Primer und Sonden detektieren zu können. Die Diversität der C23O zeigte sich auch bei der spezifischen enzymatischen Aktivität, die im Bereich von 0,1 bis 650 mU mg-1 Protein variierte. Dabei wurde die höchste spezifische Aktivität für verschiedene Pseudomonas-Stämme nachgewiesen. Die entwickelten Primer wurden auf ihre Anwendbarkeit getestet, PAK-abbauende Bakterien in Umweltproben kultivierungsunabhängig zu detektieren. Verschiedene DNA-Isolierungsmethoden und Techniken zur Aufreinigung der isolierten DNA wurden getestet und variiert. Bei der DNA-Isolierung aus Belebtschlammproben wurden Substanzen coextrahiert, die stark hemmenden Einfluß auf die PCR hatten. Die weitere Aufreinigung der DNA führte zu starken Verlusten der ursprünglichen DNA-Mengen und damit zu einer Reduzierung der zu detektierenden Zielsequenzen. Die extrahierte und gereinigte DNA aus unterschiedlichen Belebtschlammproben wurde in der PCR zur Detektion von initiale Dioxygenase- und C23O-codierenden Genabschnitten eingesetzt. Während codierende Bereiche der initialen Dioxygenase in der Belebtschlammprobe der Kläranlage Gießen mit den entwickelten Primern nachgewiesen werden konnten (R. Moser, TU-Berlin), wurden bei der Verwendung der C23O-spezifischen Primer keine PCR-Amplifikate erhalten. Offensichtlich lag die Zahl der C23O-Zielsequenzen in den untersuchten Umweltpoben unterhalb des Detektionslimits. In der extrahierten DNA aus anderen Belebtschlammproben konnten C23O-codierende Abschnitte detektiert werden. Die erhaltenen PCR-Amplifikate waren aber in allen Fällen sehr schwach. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß zur Detektion von katabolischen Genen, die in geringen Konzentrationen in Umweltproben vorliegen, spezielle Methoden zur Aufreinigung der DNA-Rohextrakte etabliert werden müssen