70 research outputs found
RÄspândirea mondialÄ a enterobacterales carbapenemrezistente
Introduction. Gram-negative bacilli belonging to the order Enterobacterales are normal
inhabitants of the human gut, which also are the most common causative agents of both
nosocomial and community acquired infections in patients of all ages. Although not even a
century has passed since Fleming's discovery of penicillin, the scientists have been alarmed
by the fact that the "last resort antibiotics" viz. carbapenems have been compromised. Material and methods. The analysis of fifty-two articles and documents regarding this topic
was peformed. Results. The main mechanism of resistance to carbapenems in Enterobacterales is production of carbapenemases, being enzymes that destroy all or almost all
β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. According to Amblerâs classification β-lactamases can be distributed into four classes (A, B, C, and D) being based on primary amino
acid sequence homology. The most important carbapenemases produced by Enterobacterales belong to class A (KPC), class B (metallo-β-lactamases NDM, VIM, IMP) and class D
(OXA-48-like). Unlike other mechanisms of resistance, carbapenemase production is easily
spread via plasmids making carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) a global
challenge for healthcare providers. Conclusions. CPE are not readily detected in the laboratory but the ability to detect carbapenemase production in Enterobacterales has very important infection control implications and therefore is essential for local infection control
programs and national and international surveillance systems. Furthermore, local epidemiology of multidrug resistant organisms has major influence on development of national
clinical guidelines for antimicrobial use.Introducere. Bacilii gramnegativi din ordinul Enterobacterales habiteazÄ la nivelul intestinului uman, dar ĂŽn acelaČi timp sunt Či cei mai comuni agenČi cauzali ai infecČiilor
nozocomiale Či comunitare la pacienČii de toate vârstele. DeČi nu a trecut nici mÄcar un
secol de la descoperirea penicilinei de cÄtre Fleming, suntem deja ĂŽntr-o situaČie ĂŽngrijorÄtoare ĂŽn care âantibioticele de ultimÄ instanČÄâ, carbapenemele, au fost compromise.
Material Ĺi metode. Au fost analizate cincizeci Či douÄ de articole Či documente pe tema
analizatÄ. Rezultate. Mecanismul principal de rezistenČÄ la carbapeneme la Enterobacterales este producerea enzimelor carbapenemaze, care distrug toate sau aproape toate
antibioticele β-lactamice, inclusiv carbapenemele. Conform clasificÄrii Ambler, β-lactamazele pot fi distribuite ĂŽn patru clase (A, B, C Či D) pe baza omologiei primare a
secvenČei aminoacizilor. Cele mai importante carbapenemaze produse de Enterobacterales aparČin clasei A (KPC), clasei B (metallo-β-lactamaze NDM, VIM, IMP) Či clasei D
(OXA-48-like). Spre deosebire de alte mecanisme de rezistenČÄ, producerea de carbapenemaze este uČor rÄspânditÄ prin intermediul plasmidelor, fÄcând Enterobacterales (CPE)
producÄtoare de carbapenemazÄ o provocare globalÄ pentru lucrÄtorii medicali. Concluzii. Nu este uĹor de detectat CPE ĂŽn laborator, dar abilitatea de a detecta producerea de
carbapenemaze la Enterobacterales este foarte importantÄ ĂŽn control infecČiei Či, prin urmare, este esenČialÄ pentru programele locale de control al infecČiilor Či sistemele de supraveghere naČionale Či internaČionale. Mai mult, epidemiologia localÄ a organismelor
multirezistente are o influenČÄ majorÄ asupra dezvoltÄrii ghidurilor clinice naČionale
pentru utilizarea antimicrobienelor
The Efficacy of Gaseous Ozone on Some Cariogenic Bacteria
The aim of this study is to analyze ozone impact on some cariogenic bacteria in ex vivo and in vitro conditions. The in vitro part of study inoculated dentine with strains of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 33402 and Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 11974 bacteria. Samples of dentine before and after 40s ozone treatment were collected and anaerobically incubated. Samples of cariogenic dentine (N=24) were collected from permanent molars within the ex vivo segment of the study, prior and after 40s ozone treatment and a number of colonies were counted after incubation. For the in vitro part of study, results have shown a statistically significant average value of reduction of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 33402 and Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 11974 prior and after ozone treatment (p<0.001). The ex vivo segment of the study has also demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the number of bacteria prior and after ozone implementation (p<0.001).
Gaseous ozone demonstrated a strong antimicrobial effect on cariogenic bacteria in both in vitro and ex vivo conditions and it
can be used as an adjuvant in caries therapy
The Croatian version of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR)
The Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report (JAMAR) is a new parent/patient reported outcome measure that enables a thorough assessment of the disease status in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We report the results of the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the parent and patient versions of the JAMAR in the Croatian language. The reading comprehension of the questionnaire was tested in 10 JIA parents and patients. Each participating centre was asked to collect demographic, clinical data and the JAMAR in 100 consecutive JIA patients or all consecutive patients seen in a 6-month period and to administer the JAMAR to 100 healthy children and their parents. The statistical validation phase explored descriptive statistics and the psychometric issues of the JAMAR: the 3 Likert assumptions, floor/ceiling effects, internal consistency, Cronbach\u2019s alpha, interscale correlations, test\u2013retest reliability and construct validity (convergent and discriminant validity). A total of 100 JIA patients (7% systemic, 38% oligoarticular, 19% RF negative polyarthritis, 36% other categories) and 100 healthy children, were enrolled in the paediatric rheumatology centres of the Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice and Childen\u2019s Hospital Srebrnjak in Zagreb. The JAMAR components discriminated well healthy subjects from JIA patients. All JAMAR components revealed satisfactory psychometric performances. In conclusion, the Croatian version of the JAMAR is a valid tool for the assessment of children with JIA and is suitable for use both in routine clinical practice and clinical research
Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis
Background: Infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening modern health care. However, estimating their incidence, complications, and attributable mortality is challenging. We aimed to estimate the burden of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health concern in countries of the EU and European Economic Area (EEA) in 2015, measured in number of cases, attributable deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).
Methods: We estimated the incidence of infections with 16 antibiotic resistanceâbacterium combinations from European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) 2015 data that was country-corrected for population coverage. We multiplied the number of bloodstream infections (BSIs) by a conversion factor derived from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control point prevalence survey of health-care-associated infections in European acute care hospitals in 2011â12 to estimate the number of non-BSIs. We developed disease outcome models for five types of infection on the basis of systematic reviews of the literature.
Findings: From EARS-Net data collected between Jan 1, 2015, and Dec 31, 2015, we estimated 671â689 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 583â148â763â966) infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, of which 63¡5% (426â277 of 671â689) were associated with health care. These infections accounted for an estimated 33â110 (28â480â38â430) attributable deaths and 874â541 (768â837â989â068) DALYs. The burden for the EU and EEA was highest in infants (aged <1 year) and people aged 65 years or older, had increased since 2007, and was highest in Italy and Greece.
Interpretation: Our results present the health burden of five types of infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria expressed, for the first time, in DALYs. The estimated burden of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and EEA is substantial compared with that of other infectious diseases, and has increased since 2007. Our burden estimates provide useful information for public health decision-makers prioritising interventions for infectious diseases
Self-medication with Antimicrobial Drugs in Europe
Antimicrobial drug self-medication occurs most often in eastern and southern Europe and least often in northern and western Europe
MRSA surveillance programmes worldwide : moving towards a harmonised international approach
Multinational surveillance programmes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are dependent on national structures for data collection. This study aimed to capture the diversity of national MRSA surveillance programmes and to propose a framework for harmonisation of MRSA surveillance. The International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) MRSA Working Group conducted a structured survey on MRSA surveillance programmes and organised a webinar to discuss the programmesâ strengths and challenges as well as guidelines for harmonisation. Completed surveys represented 24 MRSA surveillance programmes in 16 countries. Several countries reported separate epidemiological and microbiological surveillance. Informing clinicians and national policy-makers were the most common purposes of surveillance. Surveillance of bloodstream infections (BSIs) was present in all programmes. Other invasive infections were often included. Three countries reported active surveillance of MRSA carriage. Method- ology and reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence factors, molecular genotyping and epidemiological metadata varied greatly. Current MRSA surveillance programmes rely upon heterogeneous data collection systems, which hampers international epidemiological monitoring and research. To harmonise MRSA surveillance, we suggest improving the integration of microbiological and epidemiological data, implementation of central biobanks for MRSA isolate collection, and inclusion of a representative sample of skin and soft-tissue infection cases in addition to all BSI cases.peer-reviewe
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