College party culture and sexual assault

This paper considers the degree to which events that intensify partying increase sexual assault. Estimates are based on panel data from campus and local law enforcement agencies and an identification strategy that exploits plausibly random variation in the timing of Division 1 football games. The estimates indicate that these events increase daily reports of rape with 17-24-year-old victims by 28 percent. The effects are driven largely by 17-24-year-old offenders and by offenders unknown to the victim, but we also find significant effects on incidents involving offenders of other ages and on incidents involving offenders known to the victim

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and indicators of early immune stimulation: the Estelle study (SFCE)

International audienceBackground: Factors related to early stimulation of the immune system (breastfeeding, proxies for exposure to infectious agents, normal delivery, and exposure to animals in early life) have been suggested to decrease the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Methods: The national registry-based case-control study, ESTELLE, was carried out in France in 2010-2011. Population controls were frequency matched with cases on age and gender. The participation rates were 93% for cases and 86% for controls. Data were obtained from structured telephone questionnaires administered to mothers. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using unconditional regression models adjusted for age, gender, and potential confounders. Results: In all, 617 ALL and 1225 controls aged >= 1 year were included. Inverse associations between ALL and early common infections (OR = 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 1.0), non-first born (>= 3 vs 1; OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.0), attendance of a day-care centre before age 1 year (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.0), breastfeeding (OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.0), and regular contact with pets (OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7, 1.0) in infancy were observed. Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that conditions promoting the maturation of the immune system in infancy have a protective role with respect to ALL