Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three available genomic nomenclature systems for SARS-CoV-2 to all sequence data from the WHO European Region available during the COVID-19 pandemic until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation. We provide a comparison of the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.Peer reviewe

Syn- and post-extensional tectonic activity in the Palaeoproterozoic sequences of Broken Hill and Mount Isa and its bearing on reconstructions of Rodinia

Palaeoproterozoic sequences deformed during the 1600 Ma Olary and Isa orogenies in the Broken Hill and Mount Isa terranes preserve an earlier record of syn-extensional magmatism, deformation and low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism linked to basin formation and normal faulting at upper crustal levels. Crustal extension occurred nearly continuously from 1800 to 1640 Ma and produced several stacked sedimentary basins, the content of which was mainly controlled by growth faulting along the margins of NNW- and NW-trending half-graben. Mid-crustal magmatic rocks intruded and unroofed during the course of extension are commonly mylonitised and were carried to higher structural levels on extensional shear zones active at the time of sedimentation. Metamorphic monazite ages from deformed host rocks of the syn-extensional Sybella Granite at Mount Isa support this interpretation and include a 1675 Ma population that is much too old to be related to either later crustal shortening or the Isan orogeny. This record of near continuous extension at upper and mid-crustal levels is difficult to reconcile with existing reconstructions of Rodinia in which the Broken Hill and Mount Isa terranes are juxtaposed against rocks of similar age in southwest Laurentia that preserve a history of contractional deformation related to terrane accretion, amalgamation and collision. Equally difficult to reconcile are palaeogeographical reconstructions of Australia which place the Broken Hill and Mount Isa terranes adjacent to each other in a back-arc position while maintaining an along-strike continuity with the rocks of southwest Laurentia. In such a configuration, the Mojave, Yavapai, and Mazatzal provinces lie south of the proposed common Palaeoproterozoic suture (Cheyenne Belt) whereas their inferred age equivalents in the Broken Hill and Mount Isa terranes lie north of this former convergent plate margin. An alternative reconstruction of Proterozoic eastern Australia is proposed in which back-arc extension in the Broken Hill and Mount Isa terranes was linked to retreat of a west-dipping (present-day coordinates) subduction zone and associated magmatic arc that now resides partially or wholly within North America. Eastern Australia and Laurentia ceased to be part of a single continental landmass soon after 1800 Ma and thereafter followed increasingly divergent tectonic paths until re-amalgamated during collision at ca. 1600 Ma. Extension in the Broken Hill and Mount Isa terranes produced a North American Basin-and-Range-style crustal architecture that has no obvious counterpart in southwest Laurentia

Testing long-term patterns of basin sedimentation by detrital zircon geochronology, Centralian Superbasin, Australia

The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.comDetrital zircon geochronology of Neoproterozoic to Devonian sedimentary rocks from the Georgina and Amadeus basins has been used to track changes in provenance that reflect the development and inversion of the former Australian Superbasin. Through much of the Neoproterozoic, sediments appear to have been predominantly derived from local sources in the Arunta and Musgrave inliers. Close similarities between the detrital age signatures of late Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in the two basins suggests that they were contiguous at this time. A dominant population of 1.2–1.0 Ga zircon in Early Cambrian sediments of the Amadeus Basin reflects the uplift of the Musgrave Inlier during the Petermann Orogeny between 560 and 520 Ma, which shed a large volume of detritus northwards into the Amadeus Basin. Early Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Georgina Basin have a much smaller proportion of 1.2–1.0 Ga detritus, possibly due to the formation of sub-basins along the northern margin of the Amadeus Basin which might have acted as a barrier to sediment transfer. An influx of 0.6–0.5 Ga zircon towards the end of the Cambrian coincides with the transgression of the Larapintine Sea across central Australia, possibly as a result of intracratonic rifting. Detrital zircon age spectra of sedimentary rocks deposited within this epicontinental sea are very similar to those of coeval sedimentary rocks from the Pacific Gondwana margin, implying that sediment was transported into central Australia from the eastern continental margin. The remarkably consistent ‘Pacific Gondwana’ signature of Cambro-Ordovician sediments in central and eastern Australia reflects a distal source, possibly from east Antarctica or the East African Orogen. The peak of the marine incursion into central Australia in the early to mid Ordovician coincides with granulite-facies metamorphism at mid-crustal depths between the Amadeus and Georgina basins (the Larapinta Event). The presence of the epicontinental sea, the relative lack of a local basement zircon component in Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary rocks and their maturity suggest that metamorphism was not accompanied by mountain building, consistent with an extensional or transtensional setting for this tectonism. Sediments deposited at 435–405 and 365 Ma during the Alice Springs Orogeny have detrital age signatures similar to those of Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary rocks, reflecting uplift and reworking of the older succession into narrow foreland basins adjacent to the orogen.D. W. Maidment, I. S. Williams, M. Han