Euthanasia, in the light of the UDBHR, around the world and in Brazil

A eutanásia pode ser entendida como o ato, praticado por um terceiro, que põe intencionalmente fim à vida de uma pessoa sob demanda desta. Este documento analisa algumas legislações internacionais a respeito, à luz da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. O referido documento serviu de base para muitos países europeus regular diferentes formas de eutanásia. Encontrou-se que a legislação belga, promulgada em 2002, não fere o disposto na Declaração e que não há, no Brasil, normativa específica que regulamente a eutanásia, além de que, iniciativas neste tema não avançam no parlamento nacional. É importante que as regulamentações do assunto se adequem à realidade de cada país, mas evitando que a visão moral majoritária sobre o assunto se imponha sobre a moralidade de uma minoria vulnerável. A criação de um Conselho Nacional de Bioética no Brasil seria importante passo para apoio à regulamentação da questão.Euthanasia can be understood as the act, practiced by a third party, of intentionally ending the life of a person upon his/her request. This document analyzes some legislation on euthanasia around the word, in the light of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. It was documented that only four European countries have regulated some form of euthanasia. The Belgian legislation, enacted in 2002, does not violate the provisions of the Declaration. There are not, in Brazil, specific rules governing euthanasia, and initiatives in this area do not advance in Parliament. It is important these regulations to be related to the reality of each country, but preventing the main morality to be imposed on the morality of a vulnerable minority. The creation of a National Council on Bioethics in Brazil would be an important step to regulate such issues

Eficiência e resposta à aplicação de nitrogênio de genótipos de feijão comum cultivados em várzea tropical do Estado do Tocantins

The common bean is a crop with big socioeconomic interest in many countries, being a crop with high nutrient demand, mainly nitrogen which is uptaken in big amounts. Thus, it is necessary the adoption of cultivars which are efficient and responsive to nitrogen use. So, this study was carried out in order to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency and response of common bean genotypes grown in irrigated lowland soil at State of Tocantins. The study was carried out in two trials (high and low nitrogen level) in a completely randomized blocks design, being evaluated 25 genotypes in three replications. To simulate environments with low and high N level, doses of 0 and 120 kg ha-1 of N were utilized respectively. The genotypes were sorted about nitrogen use efficiency though their grain yield. There is difference about nitrogen use efficiency and response to nitrogen application among the evaluated genotypes.O feijão comum é uma cultura com grande interesse socioeconômico em muitos países, sendo uma cultura com alta demanda de nutrientes, principalmente nitrogênio, que é consumido em grandes quantidades. Assim, é necessária a adoção de cultivares eficientes e responsivas ao uso de nitrogênio. Assim, este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio e a resposta de genótipos de feijoeiro cultivados em solo irrigado de várzea do Estado do Tocantins. O estudo foi realizado em dois ensaios (alto e baixo nível de nitrogênio), em delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados, sendo avaliados 25 genótipos em três repetições. Para simular ambientes com baixo e alto nível de N, foram utilizadas doses de 0 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente. Os genótipos foram classificados quanto à eficiência no uso de nitrogênio, apesar do rendimento de grãos. Há diferença quanto à eficiência no uso de nitrogênio e resposta à aplicação de nitrogênio entre os genótipos avaliados. &nbsp

Agronomic Characteristics of Common Bean Genotypes Influenced by the Use of Boron

Boron is an indispensable micronutrient for common bean culture, requiring careful studies in relation to the need and time of application since it presents a narrow range between deficiency and toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of boron application at different times in common bean culture. An experiment was carried out in Gurupi-Tocantins, with four replicates in a factorial scheme 7 x 4, with seven cultivars (Aporé, Diplomata, IPR-Corujinha, IPR-Chopim, IPR-Gralha, CNFC 10467 and Sapphire) and four application times (T1- absence of boron application, T2- application of boron at 15 DAE -days after emergence-, T3- application of boron at 25 DAE, T4- Application of boron at 35 DAE). There was a significant interaction between the time of application of boron and genotypes for the characteristics of one hundred grains and grain yield. There is a difference between genotypes regarding the efficiency and use of boron. The most appropriate times for boron application, taking into account productivity, are 15 DAE for cultivars CNFC 10467 and Diplomata, and 25 DAE for Aporé and IPR-Chopim. Boron fertilization at 35 DAE is not recommended due to the non-responsiveness of the crop

Estrutura e processo de trabalho referente ao cuidado à criança na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: estudo ecológico com dados do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica 2012-2018

Objective: To asses the structure of basic health units (UBS) and the work process of primary care teams in child care in Brazil. Methods: Ecological study with data from the three cycles of the Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care 2012-2018, by federated unit and regions. Seven structural and thirteen procedural indicators were analyzed. The t test was used to compare means of the indicators between regions. Results: 85,845 teams participated in the three cycles of the program, grouped into 68,320 UBS. In the last evaluation cycle (2017-2018), they showed higher percentages of adequacy among the structural indicators: unit functioning (99%), equipment/materials (82%), vaccines (74%) and medication dispensing (70%). Discovered population (68%) and scheduling for specialists (52%) corresponded to the lowest percentages of adequacy of process indicators. Conclusion: The processe indicators showed better adjustments than the structural indicators.Objetivo: Analisar a estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e o processo de trabalho das equipes de atenção básica em saúde no cuidado à criança no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com dados dos três ciclos do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica 2012-2018, por unidade da federação e suas macrorregiões. Foram analisados sete indicadores estruturais e 13 processuais. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para comparar as médias dos indicadores entre as macrorregiões nacionais. Resultados: Participaram dos três ciclos do programa 85.845 equipes, agrupadas em 68.320 UBS. No último ciclo avaliativo (2017/2018), apresentaram maiores percentuais de adequação entre os indicadores estruturais: funcionamento da unidade (99%), equipamentos/materiais (82%), disponibilidade de vacinas (74%) e dispensação de medicamentos (70%). População descoberta (68%) e agendamento para especialistas (52%) corresponderam aos menores percentuais de adequação dos indicadores processuais. Conclusão: Os indicadores de processo apresentaram melhores adequações que os indicadores estruturais

Impacto da pandemia pelo Covid-19 na provisão de equipamentos de proteção individual / Impact of pandemia by Covid-19 on the provision of personal protection equipment

Introdução: A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) por meio da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) é a porta de entrada do Sistema Único de Saúde, em se tratando de surtos e epidemias a APS/ ESF tem papel fundamental na resposta global à doença em questão, sendo necessário a distribuição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) para os APS/ESF. Objetivo: Investigar o consumo de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) e insumos pelos profissionais da atenção primária saúde diante da pandemia pelo novo Coronavírus. Método: estudo observacional, tipo transversal, realizado em secretaria de saúde em município do nordeste brasileiro, por meio da análise de relatórios de consumo de EPIs pelos profissionais da Atenção Primária no período de outubro de 2019 a março de 2020. Resultado: o aumento no consumo dos suprimentos destinados à paramentação das 41 ESF ocorreu após janeiro de 2020. Itens como máscara cirúrgica e álcool 70% gel foram os insumos mais afetados. Há uma tendência retilínea do aumento do consumo de máscaras cirúrgicas, o que pode ocasionar um desabastecimento e possibilidade de colapso na provisão desse EPI pelo serviço público. Conclusão: os itens com maior consumo foram máscara cirúrgica e álcool 70% gel, e um expressivo consumo destes, ocorrerá em abril e maio de 2020. 

The Oldest Case of Decapitation in the New World (Lapa do Santo, East-Central Brazil)

We present here evidence for an early Holocene case of decapitation in the New World (Burial 26), found in the rock shelter of Lapa do Santo in 2007. Lapa do Santo is an archaeological site located in the Lagoa Santa karst in east-central Brazil with evidence of human occupation dating as far back as 11.7-12.7 cal kyBP (95.4% interval). An ultra-filtered AMS age determination on a fragment of the sphenoid provided an age range of 9.1-9.4 cal kyBP (95.4% interval) for Burial 26. The interment was composed of an articulated cranium, mandible and first six cervical vertebrae. Cut marks with a v-shaped profile were observed in the mandible and sixth cervical vertebra. The right hand was amputated and laid over the left side of the face with distal phalanges pointing to the chin and the left hand was amputated and laid over the right side of the face with distal phalanges pointing to the forehead. Strontium analysis comparing Burial 26's isotopic signature to other specimens from Lapa do Santo suggests this was a local member of the group. Therefore, we suggest a ritualized decapitation instead of trophy-taking, testifying for the sophistication of mortuary rituals among hunter-gatherers in the Americas during the early Archaic period. In the apparent absence of wealth goods or elaborated architecture, Lapa do Santo's inhabitants seemed to use the human body to express their cosmological principles regarding death

The psychological science accelerator’s COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Psychological Science Accelerator coordinated three large-scale psychological studies to examine the effects of loss-gain framing, cognitive reappraisals, and autonomy framing manipulations on behavioral intentions and affective measures. The data collected (April to October 2020) included specific measures for each experimental study, a general questionnaire examining health prevention behaviors and COVID-19 experience, geographical and cultural context characterization, and demographic information for each participant. Each participant started the study with the same general questions and then was randomized to complete either one longer experiment or two shorter experiments. Data were provided by 73,223 participants with varying completion rates. Participants completed the survey from 111 geopolitical regions in 44 unique languages/dialects. The anonymized dataset described here is provided in both raw and processed formats to facilitate re-use and further analyses. The dataset offers secondary analytic opportunities to explore coping, framing, and self-determination across a diverse, global sample obtained at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be merged with other time-sampled or geographic data

A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Finding communication strategies that effectively motivate social distancing continues to be a global public health priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-country, preregistered experiment (n = 25,718 from 89 countries) tested hypotheses concerning generalizable positive and negative outcomes of social distancing messages that promoted personal agency and reflective choices (i.e., an autonomy-supportive message) or were restrictive and shaming (i.e., a controlling message) compared with no message at all. Results partially supported experimental hypotheses in that the controlling message increased controlled motivation (a poorly internalized form of motivation relying on shame, guilt, and fear of social consequences) relative to no message. On the other hand, the autonomy-supportive message lowered feelings of defiance compared with the controlling message, but the controlling message did not differ from receiving no message at all. Unexpectedly, messages did not influence autonomous motivation (a highly internalized form of motivation relying on one’s core values) or behavioral intentions. Results supported hypothesized associations between people’s existing autonomous and controlled motivations and self-reported behavioral intentions to engage in social distancing. Controlled motivation was associated with more defiance and less long-term behavioral intention to engage in social distancing, whereas autonomous motivation was associated with less defiance and more short- and long-term intentions to social distance. Overall, this work highlights the potential harm of using shaming and pressuring language in public health communication, with implications for the current and future global health challenges