Monmouth, Independence, WOU: A Warm Community in Cool Oregon

Along with the cover of this issue, we have included the brochure from which it was derived. The brochure was created as part of an identity project that WOU students worked on for local communities during fall 2014. About the brochure: This brochure can be seen as a very important media and tool which introduces this community to everyone who may be interested, including students, business people, families, and travelers. The most important purpose of this brochure is to attract more people to the community and give them as much information about this community as as possible. Thus, the images are the key parts rather than the text information itself. This brochure uses many high quality pictures on almost every page. People will be attracted by beautiful pictures, then start reading the text beside those pictures. This brochure also uses a lot of blank spaces rather than placing all the information in a very crowded way. Therefore, readers will not feel so tired of reading, and of course, they will have more time to enjoin each beautiful pictures. Above all, the unity and variety is used in a comfortable balance in this brochure, which will make readers have more fun and interest while reading

Smith-Purcell radiation from time grating

Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) occurs when an electron skims above a spatial grating, but the fixed momentum compensation from the static grating imposes limitations on the emission wavelength. It has been discovered that a temporally periodic system can provide energy compensation to generate light emissions in free space. Here, we introduce temporal SPR (t-SPR) emerging from a time grating and propose a generalized t-SPR dispersion equation to predict the relationship between radiation frequency, direction, electron velocity, modulation period, and harmonic orders. Compared to conventional SPR, t-SPR can: 1) Provide a versatile platform for manipulating SPR emission through temporal modulation (e.g., period, amplitude, wave shape). 2) Exhibit strong robustness to the electron-grating separation, alleviating the constraints associated with extreme electron near-field excitation. 3) Introduce additional energy channels through temporal modulation, enhancing and amplifying emission.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Gene Flow Risks From Transgenic Herbicide-Tolerant Crops to Their Wild Relatives Can Be Mitigated by Utilizing Alien Chromosomes

Integration of a transgene into chromosomes of the C-genomes of oilseed rape (AACC, 2n = 38) may affect their gene flow to wild relatives, particularly Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n = 36). However, no empiric evidence exists in favor of the C-genome as a safer candidate for transformation. In the presence of herbicide selections, the first- to fourth-generation progenies of a B. juncea × glyphosate-tolerant oilseed rape cross [EPSPS gene insertion in the A-genome (Roundup Ready, event RT73)] showed more fitness than a B. juncea × glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape cross [PAT gene insertion in the C-genome (Liberty Link, event HCN28)]. Karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization–bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC-FISH) analyses showed that crossed progenies from the cultivars with transgenes located on either A- or C- chromosome were mixoploids, and their genomes converged over four generations to 2n = 36 (AABB) and 2n = 37 (AABB + C), respectively. Chromosome pairing of pollen mother cells was more irregular in the progenies from cultivar whose transgene located on C- than on A-chromosome, and the latter lost their C-genome-specific markers faster. Thus, transgene insertion into the different genomes of B. napus affects introgression under herbicide selection. This suggests that gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives could be mitigated by breeding transgenic allopolyploid crops, where the transgene is inserted into an alien chromosome

Personalized therapy for mycophenolate:Consensus report by the international association of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology

When mycophenolic acid (MPA) was originally marketed for immunosuppressive therapy, fixed doses were recommended by the manufacturer. Awareness of the potential for a more personalized dosing has led to development of methods to estimate MPA area under the curve based on the measurement of drug concentrations in only a few samples. This approach is feasible in the clinical routine and has proven successful in terms of correlation with outcome. However, the search for superior correlates has continued, and numerous studies in search of biomarkers that could better predict the perfect dosage for the individual patient have been published. As it was considered timely for an updated and comprehensive presentation of consensus on the status for personalized treatment with MPA, this report was prepared following an initiative from members of the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT). Topics included are the criteria for analytics, methods to estimate exposure including pharmacometrics, the potential influence of pharmacogenetics, development of biomarkers, and the practical aspects of implementation of target concentration intervention. For selected topics with sufficient evidence, such as the application of limited sampling strategies for MPA area under the curve, graded recommendations on target ranges are presented. To provide a comprehensive review, this report also includes updates on the status of potential biomarkers including those which may be promising but with a low level of evidence. In view of the fact that there are very few new immunosuppressive drugs under development for the transplant field, it is likely that MPA will continue to be prescribed on a large scale in the upcoming years. Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse effects is relatively common, increasing the risk for late rejections, which may contribute to graft loss. Therefore, the continued search for innovative methods to better personalize MPA dosage is warranted.</p

REPULPING HIGH WET-STRENGTH WASTE BANKNOTE PAPER BY A DUAL-PH PRETREATMENT PROCESS

A repulping approach of waste Chinese banknote paper, i.e., Renminbi (RMB) paper with high wet strength, was studied, and a dual-pH pretreatment process was used before refining. Pretreatment temperature, soaking time, and consistency of waste RMB paper were investigated to obtain the optimum repulping parameters. The results showed that when the pretreatment temperature was 80 oC, soaking time was 60 min, and consistency was 10%, the repulping yield was 88.1%. The arithmetic and weighted mean lengths of fine pulp fibers from the optimum experiment were 0.564 mm and 0.785 mm, respectively, and the mean width was 22.5 μm. Obvious kinks and broken ends, as well as a slight curl of fine pulp fibers were observed by analyses with a Morfi-compact fiber analyzer and a scanning electron microscope. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis possibly demonstrated that the ester bonds in waste banknote paper were destroyed after the dual-pH pretreatment

Wet Strength and Antibacterial Performance of Cellulosic Paper Induced by Maleic Anhydride-Acylated Chitosan

Paper sheets were dipped in maleic anhydride-acylated chitosan (MAAC) to enhance their wet strength and antibacterial performance. The wet strength of paper sheets treated with MAAC or chitosan solutions and cured at 90 and 170 °C was investigated. Escherichia coli was used to evaluate the antibacterial performance of the treated paper sheets. The antibacterial performance was determined by measuring the absorbance at 610 nm based on the turbidity of the bacterial suspension on the surface of the treated paper sheets. The MAAC performed better than chitosan in improving wet strength, especially in the case of permanent wet strength. Paper sheets treated with MAAC under certain conditions resulted in 23 to 33% improvements in the permanent wet strength. As a result of the surface treatment, a reduction of at least 80% in E. coli growth was observed. The MAAC was more efficient in inhibiting the growth of E. coli than chitosan

Modification of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Filler for Papermaking with Adsorption of Cationically Derivatized Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Chitosan

To improve the performance of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as a papermaking filler, the combination of cationically derivatized chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan was employed as modification agents for PCC. When the dosage ratio of cationic chitosan to carboxymethyl chitosan was 1:2, the two polymers were efficiently deposited onto precipitated calcium carbonate, which showed better retention than the control PCC at the same dosage. The brightness and opacity of handsheets filled with modified precipitated calcium carbonate were markedly improved in comparison to the control. Furthermore, handsheets filled with modified precipitated calcium carbonate reduced the loss of tensile strength compared to the control at the same precipitated calcium carbonate content

Transgene Was Silenced in Hybrids between Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Crops and Their Wild Relatives Utilizing Alien Chromosomes

The commercialization of transgenic herbicide-resistant (HR) crops may cause gene flow risk. If a transgene in progenies of transgenic crops and wild relatives is silencing, these progenies should be killed by the target herbicide, thus, the gene flow risk could be decreased. We obtained the progenies of backcross generations between wild Brassca juncea (AABB, 2n = 36) and glufosinate-resistant transgenic Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38, PAT gene located on the C-chromosome). They carried the HR gene but did not express it normally, i.e., gene silencing occurred. Meanwhile, six to nine methylation sites were found on the promoter of PAT in transgene-silencing progenies, while no methylation sites occurred on that in transgene-expressing progenies. In addition, transgene expressing and silencing backcross progenies showed similar fitness with wild Brassica juncea. In conclusion, we elaborate on the occurrence of transgene-silencing event in backcross progenies between transgenic crop utilizing alien chromosomes and their wild relatives, and the DNA methylation of the transgene promoter was an important factor leading to gene silencing. The insertion site of the transgene could be considered a strategy to reduce the ecological risk of transgenic crops, and applied to cultivate lower gene flow HR crops in the future