1,208 research outputs found
On the role of shear in cosmological averaging
Using the spherically symmetric inhomogeneous Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi dust
solution, we study how the shear and the backreaction depend on the sharpness
of the spatial transition between voids and walls and on the size of the voids.
The voids considered here are regions with matter density Omega ~ 0 and
expansion rate Ht ~ 1, while the walls are regions with matter density Omega ~
1 and expansion rate Ht ~ 2/3. The results indicate that both the
volume-average shear and the variance of the expansion rate grow proportional
to the sharpness of the transition and diverge in the limit of a step function,
but, for realistic-sized voids, are virtually independent of the size of the
void. However, the backreaction, given by the difference of the variance and
the shear, has a finite value in the step-function limit. By comparing the
exact result for the backreaction to the case where the shear is neglected by
treating the voids and walls as separate Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models, we
find that the shear suppresses the backreaction by a factor of (r_0/t_0)^2, the
squared ratio of the void size to the horizon size. This exemplifies the
importance of using the exact solution for the interface between the regions of
different expansion rates and densities. The suppression is justified to hold
also for a network of compensated voids, but may not hold if the universe is
dominated by uncompensated voids.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure
The induced Chern-Simons term at finite temperature
It is argued that the derivative expansion is a suitable method to deal with
finite temperature field theory, if it is restricted to spatial derivatives
only. Using this method, a simple and direct calculation is presented for the
radiatively induced Chern-Simons--like piece of the effective action of
(2+1)-dimensional fermions at finite temperature coupled to external gauge
fields. The gauge fields are not assumed to be subjected to special
constraints, and in particular, they are not required to be stationary nor
Abelian.Comment: 5 pages, REVTEX, no figure
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Myth or Reality?
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a wide spectrum of liver conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced hepatic fibrosis. Taking into account that NAFLD shares many common risk factors with cardiovascular diseases, it is evident that NAFLD may promote to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.Cumulative evidence suggests that NAFLD is linked to atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and also predicts the clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.To our opinion, the role of NAFLD in the prediction of cardiovascular risks should be investigated for coronary artery disease (CAD) prognosis assessmentThis review focuses on the pathophysiologic relationships between NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases, subclinical and clinical cardiovascular manifestations in NAFLD
Cardiopulmonary Microcirculation and Gas Exchange in Acute Adrenaline-Induced Injury
Microcirculatory alterations lead to cell and organ dysfunction. High levels of catecholamines induce tachycardia, coronary vasospasm, microcirculatory disruption, hypoxia, ventricular fibrillation. Hypercatecholaminemia increases pulmonary capillary resistance and permeability as well.Aim of this research is to study adrenaline-induced alterations in myocardial and lung microcirculation, and gas exchange parameters in rats.Experiments were performed in male Wistar rats divided into 2 groups: control (n=11), and animals (n=12) treated with histotoxic-dose adrenaline. Anesthetized animals were exposed to mechanical lung ventilation at a frequency of 40 breaths/min and were sacrified 20 min after adrenaline injection. Paraffin-embedded myocardial and lung tissues were stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Myocardial and pulmonary microcirculation was studied by Sisakyan and Chilingaryan methods for revealing intraorganic MCB based on detection of phosphatase enzymes’ activities (acid phosphatase and Ca2+-ATP-ase, respectively) in the vessel walls. Mean capillary diameter (MCD) was calculated using ocular-micrometer. Partial pressures of arterial blood O2, CO2 and pH were measured.Histological studies showed that adrenaline induced contraction band lesions of cardiomyocytes, diffuse pulmonary infiltrations, hemorrhages. Myocardial and lung microcirculation studies revealed inhomogeneous and less intensive staining, tortuous course of capillary walls and their destructive changes. Blood gas analysis data indicated hypoxemia and hypercapnia developing along with acidosis following adrenaline injection.In conclusion, high-dose adrenaline induces acute myocardial and lung injuries, manifested in inflammatory and microcirculatory alterations, disorders of pulmonary gas exchange that may aggravate further development of cardiopulmonary pathology. The data achieved in present study may allow further adjustment of treatment strategies for stress-induced myocardial injury considering the role of lung microcirculation and gas exchange disorders in the given pathology
Two-loop HTL Thermodynamics with Quarks
We calculate the quark contribution to the free energy of a hot quark-gluon
plasma to two-loop order using hard-thermal-loop (HTL) perturbation theory. All
ultraviolet divergences can be absorbed into renormalizations of the vacuum
energy and the HTL quark and gluon mass parameters. The quark and gluon HTL
mass parameters are determined self-consistently by a variational prescription.
Combining the quark contribution with the two-loop HTL perturbation theory free
energy for pure-glue we obtain the total two-loop QCD free energy. Comparisons
are made with lattice estimates of the free energy for N_f=2 and with exact
numerical results obtained in the large-N_f limit.Comment: 33 pages, 6 figure
Three-loop HTL gluon thermodynamics at intermediate coupling
We calculate the thermodynamic functions of pure-glue QCD to three-loop order
using the hard-thermal-loop perturbation theory (HTLpt) reorganization of
finite temperature quantum field theory. We show that at three-loop order
hard-thermal-loop perturbation theory is compatible with lattice results for
the pressure, energy density, and entropy down to temperatures .
Our results suggest that HTLpt provides a systematic framework that can used to
calculate static and dynamic quantities for temperatures relevant at LHC.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figs. 2nd version: improved discussion and fixing typos.
Published in JHE
Resummation in Hot Field Theories
There has been significant progress in our understanding of
finite-temperature field theory over the past decade. In this paper, we review
the progress in perturbative thermal field theory focusing on thermodynamic
quantities. We first discuss the breakdown of naive perturbation theory at
finite temperature and the need for an effective expansion that resums an
infinite class of diagrams in the perturbative expansion. This effective
expansion which is due to Braaten and Pisarski, can be used to systematically
calculate various static and dynamical quantities as a weak-coupling expansion
in powers of g. However, it turns that the weak-coupling expansion for
thermodynamic quantities are useless unless the coupling constant is very
small. We critically discuss various ways of reorganizing the perturbative
series for thermal field theories in order to improve its convergence. These
include screened perturbation theory (SPT), hard-thermal-loop perturbation
theory (HTLPT), the Phi-derivable approach, dimensionally reduced (DR) SPT, and
the DR Phi-derivable approach.Comment: 82 pages, 20 figures; v2 - typos corrected, references adde
Three-loop HTL QCD thermodynamics
The hard-thermal-loop perturbation theory (HTLpt) framework is used to
calculate the thermodynamic functions of a quark-gluon plasma to three-loop
order. This is the highest order accessible by finite temperature perturbation
theory applied to a non-Abelian gauge theory before the high-temperature
infrared catastrophe. All ultraviolet divergences are eliminated by
renormalization of the vacuum, the HTL mass parameters, and the strong coupling
constant. After choosing a prescription for the mass parameters, the three-loop
results for the pressure and trace anomaly are found to be in very good
agreement with recent lattice data down to , which are
temperatures accessible by current and forthcoming heavy-ion collision
experiments.Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures; corresponds with published version in JHE
Late Gadolinium Enhancement Amount as an Independent Risk Factor for the Incidence of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stage C or D Heart Failure
Background: Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is a risk factor for poor prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the myocardium on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) represents MF. We examined whether the LGE amount increases the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with stage C or D heart failure (HF). Methods: Eighty-four consecutive patients with stage C or D HF, either ischemic or non-ischemic, were enrolled. Comprehensive clinical and CMR evaluations were performed. All patients were followed up for a composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, heart transplantation, and cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D).Results: LGE was present in 79.7% of the end-stage HF patients. LGE distribution patterns were mid-wall, epi-myocardial, endo-myocardial, and the morphological patterns were patchy, transmural, and diffuse. During the average follow-up of 544 days, 13 (15.5%) patients had endpoint events: 7 patients cardiac death, 2 patients heart transplantation, and 4 patients underwent CRT-D implantation. On univariate analysis, LGE quantification on cardiac magnetic resonance, blood urine nitrogen, QRS duration on electrocardiogram, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) on CMR had the strongest associations with the composite endpoint events. However, on multivariate analysis for both Model I (after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index) and Model II (after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, renal function, QRS duration, and atrial fibrillation on electrocardiogram, the etiology of HF, LVEF, CMR-LVEDD, and CMR-LVEDV), LGE amount was a significant risk factor for composite endpoint events (Model I 6SD HR 1.037, 95%CI 1.005–1.071, p = 0.022; Model II 6SD HR 1.045, 95%CI 1.001–1.084, p = 0.022). Conclusion: LGE amount from high-scale threshold on CMR increased the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events for patients in either stage C or D HF
Measurement and Interpretation of Fermion-Pair Production at LEP energies above the Z Resonance
This paper presents DELPHI measurements and interpretations of
cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries, and angular distributions, for
the e+e- -> ffbar process for centre-of-mass energies above the Z resonance,
from sqrt(s) ~ 130 - 207 GeV at the LEP collider. The measurements are
consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and are used to study a
variety of models including the S-Matrix ansatz for e+e- -> ffbar scattering
and several models which include physics beyond the Standard Model: the
exchange of Z' bosons, contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of
gravitons in large extra dimensions and the exchange of sneutrino in R-parity
violating supersymmetry.Comment: 79 pages, 16 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.
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