«Parce que pour nous c’est pas une religion; c’est une façon de vivre» : les Témoins de Jéhovah chez les Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg : une histoire de familles

Bien que présent dans les communautés autochtones au Canada depuis le début des années 1930, le jéhovisme chez les Autochtones au Canada n’a pourtant fait l’objet d’aucune étude ethnographique, sociologique ou historique. Ce mémoire a pour but de remédier à ce vacuum en proposant la première étude ethnographique des Témoins de Jéhovah chez les Autochtones au Canada. Plus précisément, cette recherche traite de la présence historique et actuelle des Témoins de Jéhovah dans la communauté anishinabe (algonquine) de Kitigan Zibi (Québec). À partir d’un terrain de recherche ‒ en ligne ‒ s’étant étalé sur une période de 10 mois, je retrace le développement du jéhovisme à Kitigan Zibi en plus de m’intéresser aux raisons pour une personne autochtone de devenir ‒ ou de rester ‒ Témoins de Jéhovah aujourd’hui, ou, à l’inverse, de ne pas devenir Témoins de Jéhovah. Mon analyse démontre que : 1) La conversion des premiers Anishinabeg au jéhovisme à Kitigan Zibi s’inscrit dans un contexte historique particulier (conflits avec les missionnaires oblats, rupture avec le territoire et début de travail salarié comme principale source de revenus des Anishinabeg); 2) De nos jours, la transmission intergénérationnelle de la religion joue un rôle prépondérant dans la reproduction des Témoins de Jéhovah à Kitigan Zibi; 3) La décision de devenir ou de rester Témoins de Jéhovah s’inscrit pleinement dans l’épistémologie algonquine; 4) Dans un contexte de concurrence avec d’autres mouvements religieux, le jéhovisme ne semble plus aujourd’hui répondre aux motivations que les Algonquins sont susceptibles d’avoir.Although present in Aboriginal communities in Canada since the early 1930s, Jehovism among Aboriginal people in Canada has not yet been the subject of any ethnographic, sociological, or historical study. The purpose of this thesis is to remedy this vacuum by proposing the first ethnographic study of Jehovah's Witnesses among Aboriginal people in Canada. More specifically, this research deals with the historical and current presence of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Anishinabe (Algonquin) community of Kitigan Zibi (Quebec). From an online field of research spanning a period of 10 months, I trace the development of Jehovism in Kitigan Zibi in addition to exposing the reasons for an Indigenous person to become ‒ or to stay ‒ Jehovah's Witnesses today, or, conversely, not to become Jehovah's Witnesses. My analysis shows that: 1) the conversion of the early Anishinabeg to Jehovism at Kitigan Zibi takes place in a particular historical context (conflicts with oblate missionaries, rupture with the territory and the beginning of wage work as the main source of income for the Anishinabeg); 2) Nowadays, the intergenerational transmission of religion plays a major role in the reproduction of Jehovah's Witnesses in Kitigan Zibi; 3) The decision to become or remain Jehovah's Witnesses fits fully into Algonquin epistemology; 4) In a context of competition with other religious movements, Jehovism no longer seems to respond to the motivations that the Algonquins are likely to have

Territoires et conceptualisation de la proportionnalité

Les recherches menées par l’Observatoire de l’école rurale ont mis en évidence une « relative dégradation» des trajectoires scolaires des élèves des collèges ruraux comparés à ceux des établissements urbains ou périurbains. Nous abordons cette question, sous l’angle de la psychologie cognitive, en focalisant notre recherche sur la résolution de problèmes à l’intérieur du champ conceptuel de la proportionnalité et des problèmes d’agrandissement et d’échelle.L’exploitation d’un questionnaire, constitué de 19 problèmes proposés aux élèves de quatre établissements scolaires appartenant à des zones sociogéographiques contrastées (périphérie urbaine, milieu rural sous faible influence urbaine, milieu rural isolé, pôle rural), permet de vérifier si la position géographique du collège a une incidence sur la structure des réussites et des échecs ainsi que sur les niveaux de conceptualisation qui en découlent.Le traitement des données par une analyse factorielle des correspondances et par une classification ascendante hiérarchique permet de mettre en évidence des sous-groupes d’élèves qui se caractérisent par des niveaux contrastés de conceptualisation du domaine. L’objet de notre recherche concerne à la fois la description des caractéristiques cognitives de ces sous-groupes ainsi que l’analyse de leur composition et de leur répartition au sein des différents collèges.The various research studies led within the framework of the Observatory of Rural School established a “relative degradation” of the school trajectories of pupils attending rural schools. We approach this question by focusing on problem solving inside a well bounded conceptual field (proportionality) through the concepts of increase and scale.The exploitation of a questionnaire composed of 19 problems proposed to the pupils of four geographically well differentiated schools (a school situated in an urban suburb, one in a rural area under weak urban influence, the other one in an isolated rural area, finally the last one definitely set in a rural setting) allows to check if the geographical position has an incidence on the structure of success and failure as well as on the levels of conceptualization which ensues from it.The data processing by a factorial analysis of correspondences and by a hierarchical ascending classification gives classes of problems and sub-groups of pupils. These groups are characterized by very contrasting levels in the field of conceptualization. The object of our research concerns the composition of these various groups as well as their distribution within the various schools

Apprentissage de schémas et résolution de problèmes en SEGPA

Cet article traite de la résolution de problèmes mathématiques chez une population d’adolescents en situation d’échec scolaire. Dans un premier temps, un questionnaire est proposé à deux ans d’intervalle au même groupe d’élèves. L’évolution de la réussite moyenne de ces élèves est loin d’être aussi significative que l’on pourrait le souhaiter. À partir de cette observation, les auteurs décident d’évaluer l’impact d’un protocole d’aide à la résolution de problèmes basé sur l’apprentissage et l’analyse de schémas représentant les différentes classes de problèmes. Les résultats sont significatifs et soulignent l’intérêt et la portée de la démarche didactique proposée.This paper is concerned with mathematical problem solving applied to a population of teenagers who perform poorly at school. Firstly, a questionnaire is proposed, at two years of interval, to the same group of pupils. The evolution of the average success rate is far from being as significant as expected. Secondly the authors decide to test the efficiency of a program designed to help children to solve problems involving learning and analysis schematas representing different types of mathematical problems. The results are significant and they underline the interest and the impact of this approach.Este artículo trata de la resolución de problemas matemáticos en una población de adolescentes en situación de fracaso escolar. En un primer tiempo, se propone un cuestionario con un intérvalo de dos años a un mismo grupo de alumnos. La evolución del éxito medio de estos alumnos está muy lejos de ser tan significativa como lo que se podría desear. A partir de esta observación, los autores deciden evaluar el impacto de un protocolo de ayuda a la resolución de problemas basado sobre el aprendizaje y el análisis de esquemas que representan las diferentes clases de problemas. Los resultados son significativos y subrayan el interés y el alcance de la gestión didáctica propuesta.* Sonderklassen für lernbehinderte Schüler.Dieser Artikel behandelt die Lösung mathematischer Probleme bei einer Gruppe von Jugendlichen, die in der Schule scheitern. Zunächst wird ein Fragebogen in zwei Jahren Abstand der gleichen Schülergruppe vorgelegt. Die Entwicklung des durchschnittlichen Erfolgs dieser Schüler ist lange nicht so bedeutsam, wie man es wünschen könnte. Aufgrund dieser Bemerkung entschließen sich die Autoren für die Bewertung eines Hilfeprotokolls zur Lösung von Problemen, die auf das Lernen und die Analyse von Schemen beruhen, die die verschiedenen Problemeklassen darstellen. Die Ergebnisse sind von Bedeutung und unterstreichen das Interesse und die Relevanz der angebotenen didaktischen Vorgehensweise

Magnetic Fields in the 3C 129 Cluster

We present multi-frequency VLA observations of the two radio galaxies 3C 129 and 3C 129.1 embedded in a luminous X-ray cluster. These radio observations reveal a substantial difference in the Faraday Rotation Measures (RMs) toward 3C 129.1 at the cluster center and 3C 129 at the cluster periphery. After deriving the density profile from available X-ray data, we find that the RM structure of both radio galaxies can be fit by a tangled cluster magnetic field with strength 6 microGauss extending at least 3 core radii (450 kpc) from the cluster center. The magnetic field makes up a small contribution to the total pressure (5%) in the central regions of the cluster. The radio morphology of 3C 129.1 appears disturbed on the southern side, perhaps by the higher pressure environment. In contrast with earlier claims for the presence of a moderately strong cooling flow in the 3C 129 cluster, our analysis of the X-ray data places a limit on the mass deposition rate from any such flow of <1.2 Msun/yr.Comment: in press at MNRA

Comptes rendus

Comptes rendus : Camille Lapointe, Allison Bain et Réginald Auger, Le site archéologique du palais de l’intendant à Québec : Plus de 35 années de découvertes / Chloe Lee-Hone ; Leila Inksetter, Initiatives et adaptations algonquines au xixe siècle / Arnaud Simard-Émond ; Anny Morissette, La lutte se poursuivit en cachette : Le pouvoir des chefs et des leaders de la bande algonquine de Kitigan Zibi / Arnaud Simard-Émond ; Daniel Clément, Les récits de notre terre — Les Algonquins / Thomas Lecomte ; Charmain Levy et Andrea Martinez, Genre, féminismes et développement. Une trilogie en construction / Ninon Capon ; Audrey Laurin-Lamothe, Financiarisation et élite économique au Québec / Yannick Sanschagrin ; Lise Gremion, Serge Ramel, Valérie Angelucci et Jean-Claude Kalubi (éd.), Vers une école inclusive : Regards croisés sur les défis actuels / Marianne Lezea

Cancer cachexia: Measured and predicted resting energy expenditures for nutritional needs evaluation

ObjectiveCancer cachexia is associated with weight loss, poor nutritional status, and systemic inflammation. Accurate nutritional support for patients is calculated on resting energy expenditure (REE) measurement or prediction. The present study evaluated the agreement between measured and predicted REE (mREE and pREE, respectively) and the influence of acute phase response (APR) on REE. Methods Thirty-six patients with cancer were divided into weight-stable (WS; weight loss &lt;2%) and weight-losing (WL; weight loss &gt;5%) patients. Measured REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM). The Bland-Altman approach was used to assess the agreement between mREE and pREE from the Harris-Benedict equations (HBE). Blood levels of C-reactive protein were assessed. Results There was no difference in mREE between groups (WS 1677 ± 273, WL 1521 ± 305) even when mREE was adjusted for FFM (WS 1609 ± 53, WL 1589 ± 53). In WL patients, FFM-adjusted REE correlated with blood C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.471, P = 0.048). HBEs tend to underestimate REE in both groups. Conclusion WL and WS patients with cancer had similar REEs but were different in terms of APR. APR could contribute to weight loss through enhancing REE. In a clinical context, HBE was in poor agreement with mREE in both groups

Advancing vector biology research: a community survey for future directions, research applications and infrastructure requirements

Vector-borne pathogens impact public health, animal production, and animal welfare. Research on arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and midges which transmit pathogens to humans and economically important animals is crucial for development of new control measures that target transmission by the vector. While insecticides are an important part of this arsenal, appearance of resistance mechanisms is increasingly common. Novel tools for genetic manipulation of vectors, use of Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria, and other biological control mechanisms to prevent pathogen transmission have led to promising new intervention strategies, adding to strong interest in vector biology and genetics as well as vector-pathogen interactions. Vector research is therefore at a crucial juncture, and strategic decisions on future research directions and research infrastructure investment should be informed by the research community. A survey initiated by the European Horizon 2020 INFRAVEC-2 consortium set out to canvass priorities in the vector biology research community and to determine key activities that are needed for researchers to efficiently study vectors, vector-pathogen interactions, as well as access the structures and services that allow such activities to be carried out. We summarize the most important findings of the survey which in particular reflect the priorities of researchers in European countries, and which will be of use to stakeholders that include researchers, government, and research organizations

Chandra X-ray observations of the 3C295 cluster core

We examine the properties of the X-ray gas in the central regions of the distant (z=0.46), X-ray luminous cluster of galaxies surrounding the powerful radio source 3C 295, using observations made with the Chandra Observatory. Between radii of 50-500 kpc, the cluster gas is approximately isothermal with an emission-weighted temperature, kT ~5 keV. Within the central 50 kpc radius this value drops to kT ~3.7 keV. The spectral and imaging Chandra data indicate the presence of a cooling flow within the central 50 kpc radius of the cluster, with a mass deposition rate of approximately 280 solar masses per year. We estimate an age for the cooling flow of 1-2 Gyr, which is approximately one thousand times older than the central radio source. We find no evidence in the X-ray spectra or images for significant heating of the X-ray gas by the radio source. We report the detection of an edge-like absorption feature in the spectrum for the central 50 kpc region, which may be due to oxygen-enriched dust grains. The implied mass in metals seen in absorption could have been accumulated by the cooling flow over its lifetime. Combining the results on the X-ray gas density profile with radio measurements of the Faraday rotation measure in 3C295, we estimate the magnetic field strength in the region of the cluster core to be B ~12 \muG.Comment: 27 pages, 16 figs, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Personalized Risk Assessment for Prevention and Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Integration and Implementation (PERSPECTIVE I&I).

Early detection of breast cancer through screening reduces breast cancer mortality. The benefits of screening must also be considered within the context of potential harms (e.g., false positives, overdiagnosis). Furthermore, while breast cancer risk is highly variable within the population, most screening programs use age to determine eligibility. A risk-based approach is expected to improve the benefit-harm ratio of breast cancer screening programs. The PERSPECTIVE I&I (Personalized Risk Assessment for Prevention and Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Integration and Implementation) project seeks to improve personalized risk assessment to allow for a cost-effective, population-based approach to risk-based screening and determine best practices for implementation in Canada. This commentary describes the four inter-related activities that comprise the PERSPECTIVE I&I project. 1: Identification and validation of novel moderate to high-risk susceptibility genes. 2: Improvement, validation, and adaptation of a risk prediction web-tool for the Canadian context. 3: Development and piloting of a socio-ethical framework to support implementation of risk-based breast cancer screening. 4: Economic analysis to optimize the implementation of risk-based screening. Risk-based screening and prevention is expected to benefit all women, empowering them to work with their healthcare provider to make informed decisions about screening and prevention

Time-integrated luminosity recorded by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e+e- collider

This article is the Preprint version of the final published artcile which can be accessed at the link below.We describe a measurement of the time-integrated luminosity of the data collected by the BABAR experiment at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e+e- collider at the ϒ(4S), ϒ(3S), and ϒ(2S) resonances and in a continuum region below each resonance. We measure the time-integrated luminosity by counting e+e-→e+e- and (for the ϒ(4S) only) e+e-→μ+μ- candidate events, allowing additional photons in the final state. We use data-corrected simulation to determine the cross-sections and reconstruction efficiencies for these processes, as well as the major backgrounds. Due to the large cross-sections of e+e-→e+e- and e+e-→μ+μ-, the statistical uncertainties of the measurement are substantially smaller than the systematic uncertainties. The dominant systematic uncertainties are due to observed differences between data and simulation, as well as uncertainties on the cross-sections. For data collected on the ϒ(3S) and ϒ(2S) resonances, an additional uncertainty arises due to ϒ→e+e-X background. For data collected off the ϒ resonances, we estimate an additional uncertainty due to time dependent efficiency variations, which can affect the short off-resonance runs. The relative uncertainties on the luminosities of the on-resonance (off-resonance) samples are 0.43% (0.43%) for the ϒ(4S), 0.58% (0.72%) for the ϒ(3S), and 0.68% (0.88%) for the ϒ(2S).This work is supported by the US Department of Energy and National Science Foundation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada), the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physiquedes Particules (France), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany), the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy), the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (The Netherlands), the Research Council of Norway, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain), and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (United Kingdom). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie IEF program (European Union) and the A.P. Sloan Foundation (USA)