Helimenthe Parasites of Small Ruminant in Gozamin Woreda

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with small ruminants GIT helminth parasites in  gozamine Woreda, East Gojjamm, Northwest of Ethiopia from October, 2016 to december , 2016 based on coprological examination. A total of 384 small ruminants’ fecal samples (284 sheep and 100 goats) were collected and examined using standard parasitological procedures of sedimentation and flotation techniques. The present study revealed that the overall prevalence of the major GIT helminthes parasite was 239 (62.2). Out of 239 positive samples the species of parasite were found Strongyle (42.6.), Fasciola (28.4.%), Paramphistomum (15%),  and as mixed infection (13.3%). The study showed that 66.19% and 51.% of sheep and goats respectively were infected with one or more helminthes and higher prevalence was observed in sheep than goats and there was statically significant difference (P<0.05) between them. Female animals were found with higher prevalence of helminthes infection rate than male animals with a prevalence of 69.8% and 48.9% respectively and there was statically significant difference (P<0.05) between sex.  Higher prevalence was observed in young animal than adult animal in this study and the prevalence was 107.% and 55.6% respectively. There was statically significant difference (P<0.05) between age group. The study showed that higher prevalence of helmintic infection was observed in poor body condition animals as compared to medium and good body condition animals and their prevalence were 81.1%, 66.6% and 44.2% respectively. There was highly statically significant difference (P<0.000) between body condition of the animal. In conclusion the animal was affected by different helminth parasite infections which cause loss of production, reducing growth rate and death of small ruminants. So the animal owner should be deworming their small ruminants by different anthelmintics based on order of the Veterinarian to avoid drug resistance as recommendation. Keywords: Enemay woreda, GIT helminthes, Prevalence, Risk factor, Small ruminant

Nairobi sheep Disease: A Review

Nairobi sheep disease is a noncontiguous, tick-borne, viral infection of sheep and goats characterized by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and high mortality. It is associated with the Nairobi sheep disease virus; transmitted by an Ixodid ticks, both transtadialy and transovarially. The virus causes acute gastroenteritis with mortality rate of 90% in susceptible population. It is originally thought to be endemic only in East Africa, particularly endemic in Kenya; but now a day it is reported from maney places in India and Srilanka. Sera positive for Nairobi sheep disease virus antibody were confirmed in an outbreak in haired sheep in Harar Province of Ethiopia. Nairobi sheep disease can causes a similar clinical picture with other important diseases which are endemic in Ethiopia such as, heart water, Rift Valley fever, anthrax, peste des petits ruminants, and coccidiosis. The endemicity of the disease in the neighboring country, Kenya, and the similarity of the disease with other highly prevalent diseases in Ethiopia through many conditions such as, clinical sign, mortality and morbidity lead Nairobi sheep disease in to consideration. Because if its once occur it may deteriorate the economy of the country, Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper reviews to familiarize Nairobi sheep disease, and organize recent information regarding to epidemiology and management of Nairobi sheep disease.  The disease can be diagnosed by clinical and laboratory methods. No effective treatment is available for Nairobi sheep disease.  It can be controlled by dipping or spraying of the animal by acaricides. Keywords: Nairobi Sheep Disease, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Sheep, Tick bor

Prevalence of Major Gastrointestinal Helminthes Parasites of Small Ruminant in Enemay Woreda

A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with small ruminants GIT helminth parasites in Enemay Woreda, East Gojjamm, Northwest of Ethiopia from October, 2013 to April, 2014 based on coprological examination. A total of 384 small ruminants’ fecal samples (248 sheep and 136 goats) were collected and examined using standard parasitological procedures of sedimentation and flotation techniques. The present study revealed that the overall prevalence of the major GIT helminthes parasite was 229 (59.63%). Out of 229 positive samples the species of parasite were found Strongyle (22.9%), Fasciola (14.1%), Paramphistomum (7.03%), Monesia (5.73%) and as mixed infection (9.9%). The study showed that 63.7% and 52.2 % of sheep and goats respectively were infected with one or more helminthes and higher prevalence was observed in sheep than goats and there was statically significant difference (P<0.05) between them. Female animals were found with higher prevalence of helminthes infection rate than male animals with a prevalence of 59.9% and 40.1% respectively and there was statically significant difference (P<0.05) between sex.  Higher prevalence was observed in young animal than adult animal in this study and the prevalence was 67.9% and 53.6% respectively. There was statically significant difference (P<0.05) between age group. The study showed that higher prevalence of helmintic infection was observed in poor body condition animals as compared to medium and good body condition animals and their prevalence were 89.9%, 59% and 44% respectively. There was highly statically significant difference (P<0.000) between body condition of the animal. In conclusion the animal was affected by different helminth parasite infections which cause loss of production, reducing growth rate and death of small ruminants. So the animal owner should be deworming their small ruminants by different anthelmintics based on order of the Veterinarian to avoid drug resistance as recommendation. Keywords: Enemay woreda, GIT helminthes, Prevalence, Risk factor, Small ruminant

Effect of hyperglycemia on mortality rates in critically ill children

Purpose : To verify the effect of hyperglycemia on mortality rates in critically ill children and to identify the blood glucose level that influences prognosis. Methods : From July 2006 to June 2008, a total of 206 patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at Asan Medical Center and who survived for more than 7 days were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed the maximum glucose value within 7 days in PICU, PRISM-III score and SOFA score within 24 hours, and mortality. We did not perform an adjustment analysis of drugs affecting glucose level. Results : The maximum glucose level within 7 days in PICU was higher in the nonsurvival group than in the survival group. Using 4 cutoff values (125, 150, 175, and 200 mg/dL), the mortality of patients with hyperglycemia was found to be 13.0 %, 14.4%, 19.8%, and 21.1%, respectively, and the cutoff values of 175 and 200 mg/dL revealed significant differences in mortalities between the hyperglycemic and normoglycemic groups. The PRISM-III score was not significantly different between the hyperglycemic and normoglycemic groups under a glucose cutoff value of 175 mg/dL, but the SOFA score was higher in the hyperglycemic group. Under a glucose cutoff value of 200 mg/dL, the PRISM-III score was higher in the hyperglycemic group, and the SOFA score did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusion : Hyperglycemia with a maximal glucose value ?#241;75 mg/dL during the first 7 days after PICU admission was associated with increased mortality in critically ill children

Metabolism within the tumor microenvironment and its implication on cancer progression: an ongoing therapeutic target

Since reprogramming energy metabolism is considered a new hallmark of cancer, tumor metabolism is again in the spotlight of cancer research. Many studies have been carried out and many possible therapies have been developed in the last years. However, tumor cells are not alone. A series of extracellular components and stromal cells, such as endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating T cells, surround tumor cells in the so-called tumor microenvironment. Metabolic features of these cells are being studied in deep in order to find relationships between metabolism within the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression. Moreover, it cannot be forgotten that tumor growth is able to modulate host metabolism and homeostasis, so that tumor microenvironment is not the whole story. Importantly, the metabolic switch in cancer is just a consequence of the flexibility and adaptability of metabolism and should not be surprising. Treatments of cancer patients with combined therapies including anti-tumor agents with those targeting stromal cell metabolism, anti-angiogenic drugs and/or immunotherapy are being developed as promising therapeutics.Mª Carmen Ocaña is recipient of a predoctoral FPU grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. Supported by grants BIO2014-56092-R (MINECO and FEDER), P12-CTS-1507 (Andalusian Government and FEDER) and funds from group BIO-267 (Andalusian Government). The "CIBER de Enfermedades Raras" is an initiative from the ISCIII (Spain). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript

Undernutrition due to a low-protein diet affects iron, zinc, and copper metabolism

The effects of undernutrition due to a low-protein diet were examined. Despite otherwise similar diets, a protein-deficient diet resulted in low growth and hypoalbuminosis,and the addition of amino acids improved growth. Furthermore, according to the model of the“ two-hit theory”, iron overload occurs in the liver. However, in this study, the liver iron levels decreased with undernutrition. In addition, the zinc and copper level decreases in the liver may be the cause of hypoalbuminosis. Zinc and copper are essential for the functions of enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase（ SOD）. Degradation of the antioxidant effect maypromote hepatic injury.departmental bulletin pape

Target blood pressure for septic and vasodilatory shock: what is optimal?

International audienc

Anti-oxidative Amino Acid L-ergothioneine Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment to Facilitate Adjuvant Vaccine Immunotherapy

Cancer vaccines consist of a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and adjuvant. These vaccines induce and activate proliferation of TAA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), suppressing tumor growth. The therapeutic efficacy of TAA-specific CTLs depends on the properties of tumor microenvironment. The environments make immunosuppressive by function of regulatory T cells and tumor-associated myeloid cells; thus, regulation of these cells is important for successful cancer immunotherapy. We report here that L-ergothioneine (EGT) with the adjuvant Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand modulated suppressive microenvironments to be immune-enhancing. EGT did not augment DC-mediated CTL priming or affect CTL activation in draining lymph node and spleen. However, EGT decreased the immuno-suppressive function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TLR2 stimulation accompanied with EGT administration downregulated expression of PD-L1, CSF-1R, arginase-1, FAS ligand, and TRAIL in TAMs, reflecting reduction of CTL suppression. An anti-oxidative thiol-thione residue of EGT was essential to dampening CTL suppression. The effect was specific to the thiol-thione residue of EGT because no effect was observed with another anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). A CTL-suppressive environment made by TLR2 is relieved to be improved by the addition of EGT, which may ameliorate the efficacy of vaccine immunotherapy