Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors among PHIVs Attendants Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Public Health Institutions in Dire Dawa Town, East Ethiopia

Background: Anemia is one of the most commonly observed hematological abnormalities and an independent prognostic marker of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression in people living with HIV. However, there is limited evidence on the magnitude and its correlates among attendants of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Objective: The aim this study was to determine Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among PHIVs attendants Antiretroviral Therapy clinics in public health institutions in Dire Dawa Town, East Ethiopia Methods: An institution based cross - sectional study design was used from mid January to mid February 2014.The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling technique. A pre- tested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. Hematological and immunological data were collected by using blood samples. Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval was estimated to identify factors associated with anemia among the study population using a multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 41.2%, 95% CI (36.7%, 45.9%). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, being female[AOR=1.95, 95% CI (1.22, 3.11)], use of different types of  zidovudine (AZT) based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) : 1c:AZT+3TC+ neverapine [ AOR=2.56 , 95% CI (1.28,5.12) ] , and 1d: AZT+3TC + Evaferenz [ AOR=2.99 , 95% CI(1.27,7.03)] , overall ART category: zidovudine - based HAART  [ AOR=2.98, 95% CI (1.27,6.99)] ,  WHO’s HIV  clinical  stage III [AOR=2.49, 95% CI: (1.24, 5.01)] and stage IV [AOR= 5.92, 95% CI (1.26, 27.8)] , and lower CD4 count [AOR=2.34, 95% CI (1.10,4.98)]  were  independently associated with anemia .Conclusion: Macrocytic anemia was common among patients taking Antiretroviral Therapy. The likelihood of developing anemia increases with disease progression associated decreased immunological state and use of zidovudin-based HAART. Therefore, those factors associated with anemia among PHIVs would be emphatically considered comprehensive care and treatment for PHIVs by including anemia treatment and prevention strategies by police makers in collaboration with others responsible bodies. Keywords: Anemia, Antiretroviral Therapy, Ethiopia, Dire Dawa , Macrocytosis, Zidovudin

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Multivariate Optimization of Pb2+ Adsorption onto Ethiopian Low-Cost Odaracha Soil Using Response Surface Methodology

Lead pollution is a severe health concern for humankind. Utilizing water contaminated with lead can cause musculoskeletal, renal, neurological, and fertility impairments. Therefore, to remove lead ions, proficient, and cost-effective methods are imperative. In this study, the Odaracha soil which is traditionally used by the local community of the Saketa District was used as a novel low-cost technology to adsorb lead ions. Odaracha adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption process followed the batch adsorption experiment. The response surface method was implemented to derive the operating variables’ binary interaction effect and optimize the process. According to the study’s experimental result, at optimum experimental conditions Odaracha adsorbent removes 98.17% of lead ions. Based on the result of the central composite design model, the Pb2+ ion removal efficiency of Odaracha was 97.193%, indicating an insignificant dissimilarity of the actual and predicted results. The coefficient of determination (R2) for Pb2+ was 0.9454. According to the factors’ influence indicated in the results of the central composite design model, all individual factors and the interaction effect between contact time and pH has a significant positive effect on lead adsorption. However, other interaction effects (contact time with dose and pH with dose) did not significantly influence the removal efficiency of lead ions. The adsorption kinetics were perfectly fitted with a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherm was well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model. In general, this study suggested that Odaracha adsorbent can be considered a potential adsorbent to remove Pb2+ ions and it is conceivable to raise its effectiveness by extracting its constituents at the industrial level

Utilization pattern of institutional delivery among mothers in North-western Ethiopia and the factors associated; A community - based study

Background: Maternal mortality is a global health problem. Most maternal deaths occur due to complications that arise in intra-partum and postpartum periods, mainly due to post-partum haemorrhage immediately after delivery. Objective: This study aimed to assess determinants of institutional delivery service utilization among mothers who gave birth within 1 year before this study, in North-western Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers who gave birth in the last 12 months prior to the study, from January 1-30/2016. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Results: The study revealed that 61.5% of mothers delivered in health facilities. Institutional delivery service utilization was significantly affected by; Residence (AOR = 3.66, 95% CI: 1.27, 10.56), Travelling time (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.34, 5.75), Parity which is being para one (AOR = 6.79, 95% Cl: 2.97, 15.54) and being from para two to four (AOR = 2.42, 95% Cl: 1.31, 4.47) and Antenatal care visit (AOR = 6.37, 95% Cl: 3.12, 10.52). Conclusion: Despite there is an improvement in institutional delivery service utilization, still it needs strong effort to sustain and meet the required level of skilled birth attendant which is 100%. Ambulance service accessibility and booking any pregnant mother for antenatal care services are recommended by the authors to have more than the above revealed institutional delivery service utilization

Water productivity impacts for the NBDC

Presented at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011

Rainwater management strategies for the NBDC: Concepts and analytical framework

Presented at the Nile Basin Development Challenge Science and Reflection Workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-6 May 2011

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients at Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Data from much of Africa are still scarce on the clinical characteristics, outcomes of treatment, and factors associated with disease severity and mortality of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Ethiopia\u27s first COVID-19 treatment center. All consecutive symptomatic SARS CoV-2 RT-PCR positive individuals, aged 18 and older, admitted to the hospital between March 13 and September 16, 2020, were included. Of the total 463 cases, 319 (68.9%) were male. The median age was 45 years (interquartile range 32-62). The most common three symptoms were cough (69%), shortness of breath (SOB; 44%), and fatigue (37%). Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity, followed by diabetes mellitus. The age groups 40 to 59 and ≥ 60 were more likely to have severe disease compared with those \u3c 40 years of age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.88-6.31 and aOR = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.91-6.90, respectively). Other factors associated with disease severity included the presence of any malignancy (aOR = 4.64, 95% CI: 1.32-16.33) and SOB (aOR = 3.83, 95% CI: 2.35-6.25). The age group ≥ 60 was significantly associated with greater in-hospital mortality compared with those \u3c 40 years. In addition, the presence of any malignancy, SOB, and vomiting were associated with higher odds of mortality. In Ethiopia, most COVID-19 patients were male and presented with cough, SOB, and fatigue. Older age, any malignancy, and SOB were associated with disease severity; these factors, in addition to vomiting, also predicted mortality