The Skolem-Bang Theorems in Ordered Fields with an IPIP

This paper is concerned with the extent to which the Skolem-Bang theorems in Diophantine approximations generalise from the standard setting of $$to structures of the form$$, where $F$ is an ordered field and $I$ is an integer part of $F$. We show that some of these theorems are hold unconditionally in general case (ordered fields with an integer part). The remainder results are based on Dirichlet's and Kronecker's theorems. Finally we extend Dirichlet's theorem to ordered fields with $IE_1$ integer part.Comment: 28 page

The Economic Base Study of the St. Cloud Area Economy with reference to St. Cloud State College (July 1969)

Economic impact of St. Cloud State on the city of St. Cloud

Engaging children through storytelling

As a teacher, I believe that children retain a subject that is delivered in the form of stories far longer than they do through conventional teaching methods. Storytelling, especially in the case of languages, engages children in such an effective manner that they are able to remember concepts or characters for a longer period of time

Battery Ingestion: A Potentially Life-Threatening Issue

Button battery ingestion cases are rare but possibilities of these turning into life-threatening or fatal conditions are high. Such an unfortunate incidence may progress to serious complications and require major surgery if the foreign body is not identified or removed well in time. Lithium is a possible component of button batteries being used these days. The consequences of batteries containing lithium are medically significant. This review is to focus on general safety information regarding button battery ingestion, facts learned from reports published previously, and conclusion derived from brilliant literature

Hazy Team Composition Processes: Shared Team Leadership, a Strategy to Team Excellence in Higher Education

Teamwork is an emergent property of efficacious organizations. Team-based and result-oriented organizational structures are gaining momentum, increasing 6% each year. Over 80% of organizations globally deploy teams by putting ordinary people to work together for extraordinary performance. The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center is a unique institute that teaches foreign languages in an immersive and team-based environment. This mixed-methods research study investigated (a) the teaching team composition processes, (b) the applicability of trust and diversity in team composition, and (c) the impact of shared team leadership in the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. Data were collected from 82 faculty across eight undergraduate education schools of the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (n = 66 quantitative; n = 16 qualitative). The analyzed quantitative data of Pearson correlations between the core themes of team composition processes showed that all items were positively related and significant at p = .01. Also, the amount of variance and diversity accounted for in the model (adj. R2 = -.031) was not significant F(8, 54) = .769, p = .631. The t-test analysis revealed no significance across demographic information of the respondents and diversity in the teams. The qualitative results found no standardized policy on team composition processes; teams were formed by the department chair(s), and the shared team leadership model only existed partially at the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. As per the inputs, processes, and outputs model, prioritization of team composition processes will benefit the organization

Stereochemistry reveals the mechanism of bacterial alkane activation without oxygen

PhD ThesisThe denitrifying bacterium strain HxN1 converts hexane and fumarate to 4- methyloctanyl-CoA. It was proposed that an initial adduct derived from fumarate and the hex-2-yl radical is converted to a CoA-thioester, (1'-methylpentyl)- succinyl-CoA 1, which rearranges to (2-methylhexyl)malonyl-CoA 2 by a mechanism similar to that of coenzyme B12-dependent radical enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Decarboxylation of (2-methylhexyl)malonyl-CoA affords 4-methyloctanyl-CoA 3: To explore the stereochemistry of the mechanism of hexane degradation we have synthesised hexanes specifically labelled with deuterium: (2R,5R)-2,5- dideuteriohexane, (2S,5S)-2,5-dideuteriohexane, (2R,5S)-2,5-dideuteriohexane, 2,2,5,5-tetradeuteriohexane and 2,2-dideuteriohexane. This was achieved by tosylation of the relevant diol followed by reduction using LiAl2H4 as shown in example below: Analysis of products from the action of HxN1 on these labelled hexanes showed that the pro-S hydrogen is abstracted from C-2 of hexane with a primary kinetic isotope effect of ca. 3: (i) p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, pyridine in dichloromethane, 0 °C, 72 h; (Ts = p-toluenesulfonyl); (ii) LiAl2H4, tetraglyme, 120 °C, 2 h. iv To elucidate the configuration at the newly formed stereocenters, all four stereoisomers of (1-methylpentyl)succinate were synthesised as shown below, in order to use them as standards for comparison with metabolites from strain HxN1. Comparison using gas chromatography (GC) showed that, anaerobic growth of the bacterium strain HxN1 with n-hexane gives nearly equal amounts of (2R,1′R)- and (2S,1′R)-(1-methylpentyl)succinate, which are formed by the radical addition of the hydrocarbon to fumarate. As a result of these stereochemical studies, a new concerted mechanism has been postulated for the enzymatic reaction combining hexane with fumarate. The anaerobic degradation pathways of the environmentally relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are largely unknown and therefore the final part of this thesis describes a study of the enzymatic de-aromatisation reactions involved in the degradation of naphthalene by the sulfate-reducing enrichment culture N47. This study required the synthesis of 1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-2- carboxylic acid and 3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, in order to check whether these compounds are intermediates in the degradation of naphthalene. Synthesis of these compounds was achieved using the method shown below: (i) H2SO4, MeOH, (ii) NaCN, H2O, RT, 5 h; (iii) 2,6-lutidine, SOCl2, Et2O, 60 °C, 12 h; (iv) H2SO4, H2O, 110 °C, 24 h. v HPLC, GCMS, NMR and UV/vis spectrum analysis suggested that 5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-2-NCoA (THNCoA) is reduced by two electrons rather than by four electrons as suggested, therefore affording one of the possible hexahydro- 2-naphthoyl-CoA (HHNCoA) isomers:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) for providing the generous funding that enabled all the research, described in this thesis

Remote sensing of the environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy plants

Solar energy has many environmental benefits compared with fossil fuels but solar farming can have environmental impacts especially during construction and development. Thus, in order to enhance environmental sustainability, it is imperative to understand the environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy (USSE) plants. During recent decades, remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems have become standard techniques in environmental applications. In this study, the environmental impacts of USSE plants are investigated by analyzing changes to land surface characteristics using remote sensing. The surface characteristics studied include land cover, land surface temperature, and hydrological response whereas changes are mapped by comparing pre-, syn-, and post- construction conditions. In order to study the effects of USSE facilities on land cover, the changes in the land cover are measured and analyzed inside and around two USSE facilities. The principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), and spectral mixture analysis (SMA) of remote sensing images are used to estimate the subpixel fraction of four land surface endmembers: high-albedo, low-albedo, shadow, and vegetation. The results revealed that USSE plants do not significantly impact land cover outside the plant boundary. However, land-cover radiative characteristics within the plant area are significantly affected after construction. During the construction phase, site preparation practices including shrub removal and land grading increase high-albedo and decrease low-albedo fractions. The thermal effects of USSE facilities are studied by the time series analysis of remote sensing land surface temperature (LST). A statistical trend analysis of LST, with seasonal trends removed is performed with a particular consideration of panel shadowing by analyzing sun angles for different times of year. The results revealed that the LST outside the boundary of the solar plant does not change, whereas it significantly decreases inside the plant at 10 AM after the construction. The decrease in LST mainly occurred in winters due to lower sun’s altitude, which casts longer shadows on the ground. In order to study the hydrological impacts of PV plants, pre- and post-installation hydrological response over single-axis technology is compared. A theoretical reasoning is developed to explain flows under the influence of PV panels. Moreover, a distributed parametric hydrologic model is used to estimate runoff before and after the construction of PV plants. The results revealed that peak flow, peak flow time, and runoff volume alter after panel installation. After panel installation, peak flow decreases and is observed to shift in time, which depends on orientation. Likewise, runoff volume increases irrespective of panel orientation. The increase in the tilt angle of panel results in decrease in the peak flow, peak flow time, and runoff. This study provides an insight into the environmental impacts of USSE development using remote sensing. The research demonstrates that USSE plants are environmentally sustainable due to minimal impact on land cover and surface temperature in their vicinity. In addition, this research explains the role of rainfall shadowing on hydrological behavior at USSE plants

Identifying the Temporal Causal Relationship Between Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Aggregate Cancer Mortality over Alternative Time Horizons

Identifying the causal role of tobacco and alcohol has long been acknowledged as a critical area for developing preventative strategies in particular and public policy in general. This study utilizes a unique time series method in an effort to determine the strength of causal relationships between tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption and cancer mortality. By analysing tobacco expenditure, alcohol expenditure, while controlling for health expenditures and aggregate cancer data observed annually over an 80-year period fin the US population, we consider the relevant factors explaining and potentially guiding public health concerns going forward. Our results found that while tobacco and alcohol consumption (individually) causally impact cancer mortality, alcohol consumption maintains a stronger, bidirectional impact in comparison to tobacco consumption. From this, we consider explanations from an economic, biological and epidemiological front, gauging the strength of alcohol consumption on societal wellbeing. We find alcohol consumption to be a notable causal factor in cancer mortality that has been neglected from a public policy perspective in comparison to its more mediated tobacco counterpart