An investigation of acute effects at various doses of malathion on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in rat liver, pancreas and serum

Objective. This study investigates acute effects of various doses of Malathion on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in rat. Methods. Rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 animals each. Corn oil was given orally to Group 1. Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4 received malathion dissolved in corn oil via oral administration at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. 24 hours later the rats were sacrificed. Results. Acute administration of Malathion led to a decrease in serum butryl cholinesterase (BChE) levels at all doses tested. It also caused a significant increase in serum advanced glycation end products (AGEs), insulin, and TNF-α levels at all doses. Moreover, Malathion administration raised the liver ALT, AST and LDH, TNF-α, and glycogen levels in a dose dependent manner. It also led to a remarkable increase in pancreatic insulin levels at all doses. Conclusions. Acute administrations of Malathion affect glucose homeostasis in a dose dependent manner through its effects on the liver, serum, and pancreas

Strain and Depot-specific Differences in Adipose Tissues of Obese BFMI Mice

Background/Aim: Obesity is associated with the structural and functional disorders related to the molecules of the tissues, cells, and membranes. This study aimed to examine the alterations in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and metabolic factors and structural changes in inguinal (IF) and gonadal (GF) adipose tissues at the molecular level. Materials and Methods: The IF and GF tissues of Berlin Fat Mouse Inbred (BFMI) lines namely BFMI852, BFMI856, BFMI860, BFMI861 obese and DBAJ control mouse lines were used for mRNA expression and Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) studies. The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including leptin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-α), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (Pparγ-2), were investigated using quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Infrared spectroscopy does not provide information about specific proteins, instead, it gives information about overall (total) proteins, which is called global information. Therefore, in the current study, adequate information about secondary structures of adipose tissues proteins was obtained using artificial neural network (ANN) and secondary derivative-vector normalization methods based on the spectral profiles. Results: According to the mRNA expression studies, high leptin resistance was found in all BFMI lines. Differences were observed in the levels of measured factors except for Igf-1 among BFMI lines. Protein secondary structure studies showed an increase in random coil contents, especially for BFMI860, which indicates denaturation of the proteins. Conclusion: Among the spontaneous obese BFMI mouse lines, the BFMI860 line is the most suitable for obesity studies. Obesity-induced effect on the adipose tissues varies considerably with location, type of adipose tissue, and animal line

Nanostructured luminescently labeled nucleic acids

Important and emerging trends at the interface of luminescence, nucleic acids and nanotechnology are: (i) the conventional luminescence labeling of nucleic acid nanostructures (e.g. DNA tetrahedron); (ii) the labeling of bulk nucleic acids (e.g. single‐stranded DNA, double‐stranded DNA) with nanostructured luminescent labels (e.g. copper nanoclusters); and (iii) the labeling of nucleic acid nanostructures (e.g. origami DNA) with nanostructured luminescent labels (e.g. silver nanoclusters). This review surveys recent advances in these three different approaches to the generation of nanostructured luminescently labeled nucleic acids, and includes both direct and indirect labeling methods

Characterization and Differentiation of Adipose Tissue by Spectroscopic and Spectral Imaging Techniques

Adipose tissue is a metabolically active endocrine organ having a distribution in a variety of locations in whole body; therefore, it is crucial to understand the adipocyte metabolism in health and disease. Spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are widely used to characterize biological systems by monitoring cellular molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Obesity or insulin resistance-induced molecular alterations in adipose tissue can be detected using these techniques. Spectral imaging of adipose tissue provides high-quality information involving molecular compositional, structural, and functional alterations for characterization and differentiation of adipocytes (brown, white) in different adipose tissue regions (visceral, subcutaneous, etc.). In this chapter, applications of spectroscopic and spectral imaging techniques for characterization and differentiation of various adipose tissues will be discussed, which will shed light to better understand adipose tissue metabolism and provide new insight into diagnosis and treatment of some metabolic diseases such as obesity

Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy and Microscopy in Diagnosis of Obesity

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique based on the absorption of infrared radiation by matters that excite vibrations of molecular bonds. It is a powerful method for investigating structural, functional, and compositional changes in biomolecules, cells, and tissues. In recent years, scientific researchers have continued to increase the performance of this technique on clinical cases such as cancers and metabolic disorders. Obesity is one of the main factors that increases the risk of many diseases and contributes to functional disabilities in tissues such as adipose, liver, and muscle. Applications of IR spectroscopic techniques allow identifying molecular changes due to obesity, to understand the molecular mechanism of the disease, to identify specific spectral biomarkers that can be used in diagnosis. In addition, these spectral biomarkers can be used to identify the appropriate drugs and their doses for treatment. In this chapter, applications of IR spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to the characterization and understanding the obesity metabolism will be presented. The discriminatory power of these techniques in diagnosis of obesity will be discussed. In future, these novel approaches will shed light on the internal diagnosis of obesity in clinical application

Detection of Aβ plaque-associated astrogliosis in Alzheimer’s disease brain by spectroscopic imaging and immunohistochemistry

Recent work using micro-Fourier transform infrared (μFTIR) imaging has revealed that a lipid-rich layer surrounds many plaques in post-mortem Alzheimer’s brain. However, the origin of this lipid layer is not known, nor is its role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we studied the biochemistry of plaques in situ using a model of AD. We combined FTIR, Raman and immunofluorescence images, showing that astrocyte processes co-localise with the lipid-ring surrounding many plaques. We used μFTIR imaging to rapidly measure chemical signatures of plaques over large fields of view, and selected plaques for higher resolution analysis with Raman. Raman maps showed similar lipid-rings and dense protein cores as in FTIR images, but also revealed cell bodies. We confirmed the presence of plaques using amylo-glo staining, and measured astrocytes using immunohistochemistry, revealing astrocyte colocalisation with lipid-rings. This work is important because it correlates biochemically changes surrounding the plaque with the biological process of astrogliosis

Deprem yer hareketi kayıtları ve yapıların tepki kayıtları arasındaki ilişkilerin yapay sinir ağları ile tayini

Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışmada deprem yer hareketi karakteristikleri ile Tek Serbestlik Dereceli sistemlerde oluşan hasar arasındaki ilişki Yapay Sinir Ağlan ile incelenmiştir. 12 farklı TSD'li sistem 75 farklı depreme maruz bırakılarak süneklilik değerleri elde edilmiştir. Deprem yer hareketlerinin maksimum ivme değerleri, maksimum hız değerleri, maksimum deplasman değerleri, ivmegram şiddetleri, kuvvetli yer hareketi süreleri, Housner spektrum şiddetleri ve Enerji yayılma indeksi ile hasar arasındaki dağılım elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra Deprem yer hareketlerinin karakteristik özelliklerinin TSD'li sistemlerde oluşan hasar üzerindeki etkinlikleri Yapay Sinir Ağlan yardımıyla bulunmuştur.Anahtar Sözcükler: Yapay Sinir Ağlan. Tek Serbestlik Dereceli Sistem. Yer Hareketi Maksimum İvmesi. Yer Hareketi Maksimum Hızı. Yer Hareketi Maksimum Deplasmanı. İvmegram Şiddeti. Housner Spektrum Şiddeti. Kuvvetli Hareket Süresi. Enerji Yayılma İndeksi.In this study, the relation between the damage of Single Degrees of Freedom systems and the characteristics of earthquake ground motion is being researched. Different 12 Single Degrees of System are being subjected to 75 ground motions in order to obtain their ductility. Then the distrubution between Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, Peak Ground Displacement, Accelerogram Intensity, Strong Motion Duration, Housner Spectrum Intensity, Energy Dissipation Index of ground motion and damage of SDOF systems have been obtained. Finally by using Artificial Neural Networks, the effects of the characteristics of ground motion on damage of SDOF systems are determined.Key Words: Artificial Neural Networks. Single Degrees of Freedom Systems. Peak Ground Acceleration. Peak Ground Velocity. Peak Ground Displacement. Accelerogram Intensity. Strong Motion Duration. Housner Spectrum Intensity. Energy Dissipation

Cam elyaf takviyeli polyester (CTP) profillerden oluşan tek eğrilikli uzay kafeskirişlerin yapay sinir ağları ile analizi

Bu çalışmada cam elyaf takviyeli polyester (CTP) malzeme kullanılarak üretilen profillerin tek eğrilikli uzay kafes sistemlerde kullanımı incelenmiştir. Farklı sistem davranışlarını görmek üzere 20 farklı sistem modeli tasarlanmıştır. Tasarlanan sistemlerde 12 farklı yükleme kullanılarak oluşturulan toplam 240 farklı model, SAP 2000 programı ile statik olarak analiz edilmiş ve AISC-ASD89’ a göre de boyutlandırılmıştır. Boyutlandırılan çubuk elemanların minimum kesit alanı değerleri, 12 farklı girdi değişkeni kullanılarak yapay sinir ağları yönteminde geliştirilen model ile tahmin edilmiş ve analiz sonuçlarına yakın değerler elde edilmiştir. Bu çözümler sonunda Cam elyaf takviyeli polyester malzemenin yapı malzemesi olarak tek eğrilikli uzay kafes sistemlerde diğer yapı malzemelerine ikame olarak kullanılabileceği gözlemlenmiştir

Yezîd b. Muâviye’nin Ölümünden Sonra Basra’da Yaşanan Yönetim Krizi

Bu makalede, Emevî Devleti idaresi altında bulunan Basra’da Yezîd b. Muâviye’nin ölümü (ö. 64/683) ile ortaya çıkan yönetim krizi nedeniyle şehrin yönetimine müdahale eden Basralıların kendi içlerinden seçtikleri valilerin şehri nasıl yönettiklerini ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Çalışmamızı İslâm tarihinin birincil kaynaklarından taramalar yaptığımız veriler üzerinden oluşturduk. Elde ettiğimiz verileri kendi yorumlarımızla harmanlayarak yönetimde devlet otoritesinin yok olduğu durumlarda halkın kaos yaşayabileceğini, geçici yönetimlerle şehrin idare edilmesinin ortaya çıkardığı sorunları ve bundan kurtulmak içinde yeni bir devlet otoritesine gerek duyulduğunu tespit ettik. Üst otoritenin olmaması nedeniyle toplumun bireylerinin can ve mal güvenliğinin tehdit altına girdiğinin, devlet denetiminin kalmadığının, anarşinin had safhaya ulaştığının Basra halkı tarafından bizzat müşahede edildiği görülmüştür. Konumuzla alakalı olarak bu başlık altında daha önce detaylı bir çalışma yapılmadığını gördük. Kaosların yaşandığı bu dönemlerin araştırmalarda yeterinceele alınmaması çalışmamızı özgün kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Emevî Devleti’nin idaresinden çıkan Basra’nın kısa bir süre kendi aralarından seçtikleri valiler ile nasıl yönetildiklerinin ortaya konulması açısından alanına katkı sağlayacaktır

Infrared spectroscopic studies on the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer interactions with calcium phosphate: Effect of vitamin D 2

Abstract. In the present work, the interaction of calcium-phosphate with DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) model membranes has been studied in the presence and absence of vitamin D2 by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Calcium and phosphorus are the most abundant elements in the body. They combine in the form of calcium phosphate salt, called hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite is the major structural component of the bone. Calcium phosphate assists with the digestion and absorption of food and is vitally important for the building of sturdy bone and body structures and a robust constitution. Phosphorus is extracted from foods and its use is controlled by vitamin D and calcium. FTIR spectral analysis results suggested that, calcium-phosphate complex, which is the major component of the bones, decreases the phase transition temperature to lower values, causes a loss in cooperativity of the acyl chains, decreases the order of the membrane in both phases and decreases the dynamics of the membrane in the liquid crystalline phase, increases the flexibility of the chains in the center of the bilayer in both phases, and increases the mobility of the head group of DPPC in the gel phase. The effect of calcium-phosphate on DPPC liposomes diminishes with the addition of vitamin D2 into the liposomes. Our results suggest how calcium-phosphate and/or vitamin D2, which have indispensable role for the functioning of the bone tissue, affect the thermal behaviour of DPPC liposomes at molecular level