Agriculture

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Age of first alcohol intoxication and psychiatric disorders in young adulthood: A prospective birth cohort study

Objective: Early onset of alcohol use is associated with an increased risk of substance use disorders (SUD), but few studies have examined associations with other psychiatric disorders. Our aim was to study the association between the age of first alcohol intoxication (AFI) and the risk of psychiatric disorders in a Finnish general population sample. Methods: We utilized a prospective, general population-based study, the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. In all, 6,290 15?16-year old adolescents answered questions on AFI and were followed up until the age of 33 years for psychiatric disorders (any psychiatric disorder, psychosis, SUD, mood disorders and anxiety disorders) by using nationwide register linkage data. Cox-regression analysis with Hazard Ratios (HR, with 95% confidence intervals (CI)) was used to assess the risk of psychiatric disorders associated with AFI. Results: Statistically significant associations were observed between AFI and any psychiatric disorder, psychosis, SUDs, and mood disorders. After adjustments for other substance use, family structure, sex and parental psychiatric disorders, AFIs of 13?14 years and Conclusions: We found significant associations between the early age of first alcohol intoxication, later SUD and any psychiatric disorder in a general population sample. This further supports the need for preventive efforts to postpone the first instances of adolescent alcohol intoxication.</div

Does cannabis use in adolescence predict self-harm or suicide? Results from a Finnish Birth Cohort Study

ObjectiveLongitudinal studies examining the association between adolescent cannabis use and self-harm are rare, heterogeneous and mixed in their conclusions. We study this association utilizing a large general population-based sample with prospective data.MethodsThe Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 6582) with linkage to nationwide register data was used to study the association of self-reported cannabis use at age 15–16 years and self-harm and suicide death until age 33 (until year 2018), based on register information. Cox regression analysis with Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used. Psychiatric disorders, parental psychiatric disorders and other substance use were considered as confounders.ResultsIn all, 6582 (49.2% male) were included in the analysis, and 377 adolescents (5.7%) reported any cannabis use until the age of 15–16 years. Based on register information, 79 (55.7% male) had visited in health care services due to self-harm, and 22 (90.1% male) had died by suicide. In crude analyses, adolescent cannabis use was associated with self-harm (HR = 3.93; 95% CI 2.24–6.90). The association between cannabis use and self-harm remained statistically significant after adjusting for sex, psychiatric disorders at baseline, frequent alcohol intoxications, other illicit drug use, and parental psychiatric disorders (HR 2.06; 95% CI 1.07–3.95). In contrast, the association of cannabis use with suicide did not reach statistical significance even in crude analysis (HR 2.60; 95% CI 0.77–8.78).ConclusionCannabis use in adolescence may increase risk of self-harm independent of adolescent psychopathology and other substance use.</div

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Dispersal and flight behavior of Trypodendron Lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as influenced by semiochemical and environmental factors

Laboratory bioassays using a wind tunnel were developed to study flight behavior and orientation of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trvpodendron lineatum (Olivier). Factors that were studied in detail were windspeed, semiochemical concentrations, and semiochemical combinations. In the first of two experiments examining the effect of wind speed on T. lineatum response to a semiochemical-baited substrate, the highest % of males (21.4) and females (25.3) caught in a funnel trap, occurred at 0.0 m/s. As windspeed was increased from 0.0 to 0.9 m/s, the percent of beetles caught decreased linearly for both sexes. A second experiment showed that in the presence of wind, responding beetles oriented anemotactically to the semiochemical-baited substrate. With wind absent, beetles flew randomly and erratically. Upon reaching close to the baited substrate, a greater proportion of the beetles responded to the chemical stimuli and landed on the substrate than when an airflow was present. These results suggest that T. lineatum are capable of responding under varied wind conditions typically present in a forest, whereby they use wind to orient to olfactory stimuli, yet are best arrested to the stimuli under still conditions. Flight response of T. lineatum to a multiple funnel trap baited with ethanol (1° attractant) and lineatin (2° attractant) at different release rates, indicated that only lineatin was effective in attracting beetles to this kind of trap. Maximum response by both males and females occurred at release rates of lineatin between 8 and 64 ug/24 h. However, in a more detailed study of T. lineatum response to ethanol and lineatin using modified drainpipe traps, serving as a model of a host tree, ethanol did positively influence male flight type, speed of reaction, and direction. Nevertheless, lineatin was the most important semiochemical in attracting males to land on and enter the traps. Ethanol was more important for females than for males, and when combined with lineatin, provided the optimal stimuli for attracting females to land on and enter the traps. Population movement of spring dispersing T. lineatum was studied using mark-recapture techniques with lineatin-baited funnel traps. In a first set of studies conducted in an even-aged second-growth coastal forest in British Columbia, beetle recapture distribution was compared with wind direction at distances between 5 and 500 m from the beetle release site. At 5 and 25 m, beetle recapture was predominantly upwind. With traps placed only at 100 m from the release site, beetles were recaptured in all directions irrespective of wind. However, with traps placed only 500 m from the release site, beetles were only recaptured in the downwind traps. In mark-recapture experiments conducted in a valley, beetles released from a forest margin influenced by prevailing up-valley winds, flew upwind within the forest to lineatin-baited funnel traps placed 25 m from the release site. Beetle recapture in an open setting was higher along the edge of the open setting than in its center, 325 m closer to the release site. Beetles were recaptured 1 km down-valley (upwind) and 1.9 km up-valley (downwind) from the release site. In one experiment (two releases), 10.6 and 7.8% of the marked beetles recaptured were collected in traplines ≥ 700 m and ≥ 1 km from the release site, respectively. In additional mark-recapture experiments in the valley, beetles were released simultaneously from a windward and leeward side of a forest margin in the valley through two experiments of four releases each. With long distance flight emphasized and no semiochemical-baited traps placed within 200 m of either release site, population movement was predominantly downwind. Beetles also flew across the valley to traps on the opposite facing slope at a fairly high frequency (38% of the recaptured beetles), during the first experiment. Beetles were recaptured at a much higher frequency in traps placed within a forest as compared to those in an open setting. This was likely a result of the calmer wind conditions under the forest canopy, facilitating better flying conditions and response to olfactory stimuli for the beetles. The implications these findings have on the general knowledge of scolytid beetle dispersal and orientation to olfactory stimuli are discussed. New considerations toward improving pest management strategies for T. lineatum as a result of these sets of studies are presented.Forestry, Faculty ofGraduat

Semiochemicals for Capturing the Ambrosia Beetle, Trypodendron lineatum, in Multiple-Funnel Traps in British Columbia

The host attractants, ethanol and alpha-pinene, and the aggregation pheromone, lineatin, were tested alone and in all combinations for attracting the ambrosia beetle. Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), to Lindgren multiple-funnel traps in a forest setting. A laboratory study examined the flight responses of T. lineatum to various release rates of ethanol and lineatin, alone and in combination. in a wind tunnel. Lineatin was the only effective chemical in attracting the beetles to the traps in both studies. There were no synergistic effects from adding ethanol or a-pinene, alone or together, to lineatin-baited traps in the field. The responses of both sexes in the wind tunnel were highest at lineatin release rates of 8 and 64 ug/24 h. A decrease in response occurred at 512 ug/24 h

First Report on Establishment of Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a Biological Control Agent for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in the Eastern U.S.

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive insect species native to Japan causing significant hemlock mortality in the eastern United States. Laricobius spp. have been targeted as biological control agents because they are adelgid specialists. Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake is native to the same region of Japan from which the strain of HWA found in the eastern United States originated. Studies in Japan found that it is phenologically synchronous with HWA. Following approval to release L. osakensis from quarantine in 2010, approximately 32,000 were released at a total of 61 sites starting in 2012. In winter of 2014 and 2015, periods of extreme cold temperatures throughout the eastern USA, as well as the polar vortex, resulted in extensive mortality to HWA, which likely delayed the establishment of L. osakensis. The ability of the beetle to survive and establish in the eastern United States is reported here. In the first year of this study (2015&ndash;2016), limited numbers of L. osakensis were recovered, as HWA populations were still rebounding. In the second year (2016&ndash;2017), 147 L. osakensis were collected at 5 of 9 sites sampled, coinciding with rebounding HWA populations. Larval recovery was much greater than adult recovery throughout the study. HWA density was directly correlated with warmer plant hardiness zones and recovery of Laricobius beetles was significantly correlated with HWA density. Our results suggest that L. osakensis is successfully establishing at several of the sampled release sites and that the best predictor of its presence at a site is the HWA density