Der kěbōd JHWH [כְבוֹד יהוה] als Manifestation der göttlichen Offenbarung im Buch Exodus

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Begriff kebod yahweh als Manifestation der göttlichen Offenbarung im Buch Exodus. Zunächst wird dargelegt, dass eine Offenbarung Gottes im alttestamentlichen Kontext keinen Selbstzweck verfolgt. Wenn JHWH Menschen erscheint, dann immer, weil er Beziehung mit ihnen haben möchte. Im zweiten Buch des Pentateuchs taucht der Begriff kebod yahweh an zentralen Stellen, welche eine theologische Aussage über das Verhältnis zwischen Gott und Mensch transportieren, zentral positioniert auf. Anhand des Vergleichs der Bibelstellen wird die relationale Dimension des hebräischen Begriffs auch in der Struktur der geschilderten Erzählungen aufgezeigt. In den Erzählungen über den kebod yahweh im Buch Exodus heiligt dieser, er lässt die Bedeutung JHWHs für die persönliche Lebenssituation erkennen, provoziert Lobpreis und führt schließlich das Volk sowohl geistlich in eine Beziehung mit Gott, als auch konkret und real in das versprochene Land. Ferner wird untersucht, was einen Ort zu einem heiligen Ort macht und inwiefern der kebod yahweh indem er heiligt Begegnung zwischen Gott und Mensch ermöglicht. In der Rezeption des im Buch Exodus überlieferten Bildes des kebod yahweh werden damit verbundene Vorstellungen und dadurch vermittelte theologische Aussagen über das Verhältnis Gott und Mensch verdeutlicht. So fungierte der Begriff für die Gemeinde im Exil als Hoffnungsträger. JHWH möchte mitten unter seinem Volk wohnen. Deshalb greift er in die Geschichte Israels ein und offenbart schrittweise Aspekte seines Wesens, um ein menschlich erfahrbares Gegenüber zu schaffen, die dialogfähige Basis einer Beziehung. Sowohl Verfasser der frührabbinischen, als auch der neutestamentlichen Literatur nahmen das im Buch Exodus vermittelte Bild der geschilderten Erscheinungen des kebod yahweh auf und entwickelten es weiter. In der jüdischen Theologie geht der kebod yahweh im Schekhinah-Begriff auf, welcher die Gegenwart Gottes bei den Menschen ausdrückt. Im Neuen Testament wird der kebod yahweh eng an die Person Jesus Christus gebunden

Rapid submarine ice melting in the grounding zones of ice shelves in West Antarctica.

Enhanced submarine ice-shelf melting strongly controls ice loss in the Amundsen Sea embayment (ASE) of West Antarctica, but its magnitude is not well known in the critical grounding zones of the ASE's major glaciers. Here we directly quantify bottom ice losses along tens of kilometres with airborne radar sounding of the Dotson and Crosson ice shelves, which buttress the rapidly changing Smith, Pope and Kohler glaciers. Melting in the grounding zones is found to be much higher than steady-state levels, removing 300-490 m of solid ice between 2002 and 2009 beneath the retreating Smith Glacier. The vigorous, unbalanced melting supports the hypothesis that a significant increase in ocean heat influx into ASE sub-ice-shelf cavities took place in the mid-2000s. The synchronous but diverse evolutions of these glaciers illustrate how combinations of oceanography and topography modulate rapid submarine melting to hasten mass loss and glacier retreat from West Antarctica

Change detection of isolated housing using a new hybrid approach based on object classification with optical and TerraSAR-X data

Optical and microwave high spatial resolution images are now available for a wide range of applications. In this work, they have been applied for the semi-automatic change detection of isolated housing in agricultural areas. This article presents a new hybrid methodology based on segmentation of high-resolution images and image differencing. This new approach mixes the main techniques used in change detection methods and it also adds a final segmentation process in order to classify the change detection product. First, isolated building classification is carried out using only optical data. Then, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) information is added to the classification process, obtaining excellent results with lower complexity cost. Since the first classification step is improved, the total change detection scheme is also enhanced when the radar data are used for classification. Finally, a comparison between the different methods is presented and some conclusions are extracted from the study. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.Vidal Pantaleoni, A.; Moreno Cambroreno, MDR. (2011). Change detection of isolated housing using a new hybrid approach based on object classification with optical and TerraSAR-X data. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 32(24):9621-9635. doi:10.1080/01431161.2011.571297S962196353224BLAES, X., VANHALLE, L., & DEFOURNY, P. (2005). Efficiency of crop identification based on optical and SAR image time series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 96(3-4), 352-365. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005.03.010Chen, Y., Shi, P., Fung, T., Wang, J., & Li, X. (2007). Object‐oriented classification for urban land cover mapping with ASTER imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(20), 4645-4651. doi:10.1080/01431160500444731Dalla Mura, M., Benediktsson, J. A., Bovolo, F., & Bruzzone, L. (2008). An Unsupervised Technique Based on Morphological Filters for Change Detection in Very High Resolution Images. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 5(3), 433-437. doi:10.1109/lgrs.2008.917726Dell’Acqua, F., & Gamba, P. (2006). Discriminating urban environments using multiscale texture and multiple SAR images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(18), 3797-3812. doi:10.1080/01431160600557572Haralick, R. M., Shanmugam, K., & Dinstein, I. (1973). Textural Features for Image Classification. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-3(6), 610-621. doi:10.1109/tsmc.1973.4309314Im, J., Jensen, J. R., & Tullis, J. A. (2008). Object‐based change detection using correlation image analysis and image segmentation. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(2), 399-423. doi:10.1080/01431160601075582Lhomme, S., He, D., Weber, C., & Morin, D. (2009). A new approach to building identification from very‐high‐spatial‐resolution images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(5), 1341-1354. doi:10.1080/01431160802509017LOBO, A., CHIC, O., & CASTERAD, A. (1996). Classification of Mediterranean crops with multisensor data: per-pixel versus per-object statistics and image segmentation. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17(12), 2385-2400. doi:10.1080/01431169608948779Lu, D., Mausel, P., Brondízio, E., & Moran, E. (2004). Change detection techniques. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(12), 2365-2401. doi:10.1080/0143116031000139863Shimabukuro, Y. E., Almeida‐Filho, R., Kuplich, T. M., & de Freitas, R. M. (2007). Quantifying optical and SAR image relationships for tropical landscape features in the Amazônia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(17), 3831-3840. doi:10.1080/01431160701236829Stramondo, S., Bignami, C., Chini, M., Pierdicca, N., & Tertulliani, A. (2006). Satellite radar and optical remote sensing for earthquake damage detection: results from different case studies. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(20), 4433-4447. doi:10.1080/01431160600675895Yuan, D., & Elvidge, C. D. (1996). Comparison of relative radiometric normalization techniques. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 51(3), 117-126. doi:10.1016/0924-2716(96)00018-

Topographic steering of enhanced ice flow at the bottleneck between East and West Antarctica

Hypothesized drawdown of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) through the ‘bottleneck’ zone between East and West Antarctica would have significant impacts for a large proportion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Earth observation satellite orbits and a sparseness of radio-echo sounding (RES) data have restricted investigations of basal boundary controls on ice flow in this region until now. New airborne RES surveys reveal complex topography of high relief beneath the southernmost Weddell/Ross ice divide, with three subglacial troughs connecting interior Antarctica to the Foundation and Patuxent Ice Streams and Siple Coast ice streams. These troughs route enhanced ice flow through the interior of Antarctica but limit potential drawdown of the EAIS through the bottleneck zone. In a thinning or retreating scenario, these topographically-controlled corridors of enhanced flow could however drive ice divide migration, and increase mass discharge from interior West Antarctica to the Southern Ocean

Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020

Ice losses from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have accelerated since the 1990s, accounting for a significant increase in the global mean sea level. Here, we present a new 29-year record of ice sheet mass balance from 1992 to 2020 from the Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE). We compare and combine 50 independent estimates of ice sheet mass balance derived from satellite observations of temporal changes in ice sheet flow, in ice sheet volume, and in Earth's gravity field. Between 1992 and 2020, the ice sheets contributed 21.0±1.9g€¯mm to global mean sea level, with the rate of mass loss rising from 105g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1 between 1992 and 1996 to 372g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1 between 2016 and 2020. In Greenland, the rate of mass loss is 169±9g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1 between 1992 and 2020, but there are large inter-annual variations in mass balance, with mass loss ranging from 86g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1 in 2017 to 444g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1 in 2019 due to large variability in surface mass balance. In Antarctica, ice losses continue to be dominated by mass loss from West Antarctica (82±9g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1) and, to a lesser extent, from the Antarctic Peninsula (13±5g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1). East Antarctica remains close to a state of balance, with a small gain of 3±15g€¯Gtg€¯yr-1, but is the most uncertain component of Antarctica's mass balance. The dataset is publicly available at 10.5285/77B64C55-7166-4A06-9DEF-2E400398E452 (IMBIE Team, 2021)

A constitutive framework for predicting weakening and reduced buttressing of ice shelves based on observations of the progressive deterioration of the remnant Larsen B Ice Shelf

The increasing contribution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to sea level rise is linked to reductions in ice shelf buttressing, driven in large part by basal melting of ice shelves. These ocean-driven buttressing losses are being compounded as ice shelves weaken and fracture. To date, model projections of ice sheet evolution have not accounted for weakening ice shelves. Here we present the first constitutive framework for ice deformation that explicitly includes mechanical weakening, based on observations of the progressive degradation of the remnant Larsen B Ice Shelf from 2000 to 2015. We implement this framework in an ice sheet model and are able to reproduce most of the observed weakening of the ice shelf. In addition to predicting ice shelf weakening and reduced buttressing, this new framework opens the door for improved understanding and predictions of iceberg calving, meltwater routing and hydrofracture, and ice shelf collapse

Grounding line retreat of Pope, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica, measured with Sentinel-1a radar interferometry data

We employ Sentinel-1a C band satellite radar interferometry data in Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans mode to map the grounding line and ice velocity of Pope, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, in West Antarctica, for the years 2014–2016 and compare the results with those obtained using Earth Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1/2) in 1992, 1996, and 2011. We observe an ongoing, rapid grounding line retreat of Smith at 2 km/yr (40 km since 1996), an 11 km retreat of Pope (0.5 km/yr), and a 2 km readvance of Kohler since 2011. The variability in glacier retreat is consistent with the distribution of basal slopes, i.e., fast along retrograde beds and slow along prograde beds. We find that several pinning points holding Dotson and Crosson ice shelves disappeared since 1996 due to ice shelf thinning, which signal the ongoing weakening of these ice shelves. Overall, the results indicate that ice shelf and glacier retreat in this sector remain unabated

Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018

In recent decades, the Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise1,2, and it is expected to be so in the future3. Although increases in glacier flow4–6 and surface melting7–9 have been driven by oceanic10–12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the degree and trajectory of today’s imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. Although the ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 335 ± 62 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,800 ± 339 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.6 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,971 ± 555 billion tonnes (52%) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,827 ± 538 billion tonnes (48%) of ice loss was due to increased glacier discharge, which rose from 41 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. Between 2013 and 2017, the total rate of ice loss slowed to 217 ± 32 billion tonnes per year, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and as ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the IPCC’s predicted rates for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 50 to 120 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 when compared to their central estimate

Mass balance reassessment of glaciers draining into the Abbot and Getz Ice Shelves of West Antarctica

We present a reassessment of input-output method ice mass budget estimates for the Abbot and Getz regions of West Antarctica using CryoSat-2-derived ice thickness estimates. The mass budget is 8 ± 6 Gt yr−1 and 5 ± 17 Gt yr−1 for the Abbot and Getz sectors, respectively, for the period 2006–2008. Over the Abbot region, our results resolve a previous discrepancy with elevation rates from altimetry, due to a previous 30% overestimation of ice thickness. For the Getz sector, our results are at the more positive bound of estimates from other techniques. Grounding line velocity increases up to 20% between 2007 and 2014 alongside mean elevation rates of −0.67 ± 0.13 m yr−1 between 2010 and 2013 indicate the onset of a dynamic thinning signal. Mean snowfall trends of −0.33 m yr−1 water equivalent since 2006 indicate recent mass trends are driven by both ice dynamics and surface processes