Electrochemical nanobiosensors perspectives for COVID 19 pandemic

Early, rapidand ultrasensitive diagnosis of COVID-19 to facilitate high-throughput analysis without a high degree of technical expertise or sophisticated equipment is necessary to expand COVID-19 testing capability. Leveraging interdisciplinary proficiency in analytical chemistry, biomedical instrumentation, molecular biology, microfluidics, and nanotechnology, considerable advances have been made to develop a novel diagnostic tool that assures superior key performances for COVID-19 diagnosis. This review summarizes the nano-enabled systems such as electrochemical nanobiosensor for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection and emphasizes promising diagnostic techniques to extensively facilitate the diagnostic practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, three main diagnostic methods have been widely used in the COVID-19 pandemic: nucleic acid (NA)-based testing, computed tomography (CT), and serological testing. NA-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 such as Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction has become the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. This review congregates significant contributions in the electrochemical nanobiosensor research area, which is helpful for further nanobiosensor development. Although many efforts were taken to detect the SARS-CoV-2, the COVID 19 diagnosis still relies on expensive prolonged analysis. A rapid and reliable alternative is the utilization of a low-cost nanobiosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection that can rapidly diagnose the disease even in asymptomatic conditions with high reliability and sensitivity

<i>In vitro</i> biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of chitin monomer obtain from hollow fiber membrane

<p>This study for the first time shows the effective utilization and production of chitin monomers at laboratory level, with immense potential for its biomedical application. Low molecular weight (LMW) N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is prepared by depolymerization of chitin using chemical method coupled with a physical separation method. A novel filtration strategy exploiting polysulfone hollow fiber membrane is used for the preparation of GlcNAc particles with 94% yield within 8.5 ± 0.5 h. This high efficiency is analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The GlcNAc obtained was further analyzed using dynamic light scattering, first derivative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The antimicrobial properties of GlcNAc, chitin, and GlcNAc/chitin mixture were investigated using minimal inhibitory concentration against <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli</i>. Bacteriostatic property was exhibited by high molecular weight chitin, while GlcNAc and GlcNAc/chitin mixture (LMW) demonstrated bactericidal activity. Blood biocompatibility below 0.25 g/ml and cytocompatibility with NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and the proliferative efficacy suggested its utilization and suitability of these particles in biological applications.</p

Polymers in biosensors

Polymers can be conductive or nonconductive, natural or synthetic, and have been widely used in the development of biosensors; polymers can be processed at a large scale at a relatively low cost. Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), PANI, and PPy are widely used in fabricating biosensors owing to their intrinsic conductive property. Although conductivity is crucial in developing biosensors, a large number of nonconductive polymers such as chitin, chitosan, gelatin, dextran, cellulose, and polystyrene also attract interest for their function as support matrices for the immobilization of biomolecules. The non- conductive polymers can be classified into two categories: natural and synthetic. This chapter focuses on the potential use of polymer composites in biosensors