Effect Of Hydrothermal Treatment On The Extractability And Digestibility Of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Fronds Derived Hemicellulose

Pelepah kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) (OPF), hasil sampingan dalam industri minyak kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu sumber bahan mentah di Malaysia. Pengekstrakan hemiselulosa daripada OPF telah dijalankan melalui dua pengolahan hidrotermal; letupan stim dan pemanasan dengan autoklaf. Campuran kepingan OPF-air atau OPF-KOH (1:10, w/v) diletup stim pada takat musnah 2.96–3.84 (180–210 °C selama 4 min) sebelum diekstrak dengan air pada 70 °C selama 2 jam. Dalam pengolahan menggunakan autoklaf, campuran kepingan OPF-air (1:10, w/v) diautohidrolisis pada takat musnah 1.92-2.52 (121 °C selama 20-80 min). Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fronds (OPF) are produced worldwide as a by-product of the palm oil industries and represent another abundant raw material in Malaysia. Extraction of hemicellulose from OPF was conducted with two hydrothermal treatments; steam explosion and heating with autoclave. The mixture of OPF chips-water or OPF-KOH (1:10, w/v) were steam exploded at severity of 2.96-3.84 (180-210 ⁰C for 4 min) before extracted with water at 70 ⁰C for 2 h. In the treatment using autoclave, the mixture of OPF-water (1:10, w/v) was autohydrolysed in an autoclave at severity of 1.92-2.52 (121 ⁰C for 20-80 min)

Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreatment Methods for Ethanol Production

Lignocellulosic biomass such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a renewable and abundant source for ethanol production. Sugarcane bagasse is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives, and several inorganic materials. Pretreatment methods of SCB are necessary for the successful conversion of SCB to ethanol. Each pretreatment process has a specific effect on the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fraction. The conversion of SCB to ethanol typically consists of four main steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. Hence, different pretreatment methods should be chosen according to the process design for the following hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation steps. There are many types of pretreatments such as physical, chemical, physico-chemical, and biological pretreatments. This chapter reviews the chemical and physico-chemical pretreatment methods of SCB which are often used by many researchers for ethanol production. Different chemical and physico-chemical pretreatment methods of SCB are introduced and discussed based on relevance to the sugar yield, lignin removal, and cellulose content after pretreatment

Soil remediation for contaminated soil from heavy metals by electrokinetic process / Sabariah Arbai ... [et al.]

Contaminated sites with heavy metals, organic compounds and hazardous materials added with inefficient waste handling techniques, leakages and untreated abandoned mines made enormous impact to groundwater quality, soils and ecosystems. Electro-chemical principle, known as electrokinetic method is a greatly potential treatment of heavy metal in contaminated soils, including soils of low permeable clays (Rutigliano et.al 2008); and groundwater (Cherifi et.al., 2009). (Colletta et.al., 1997) stated that purging liquids of certain pH is important for heavy metal migration and molar concentration, while Fabienne et.al. (1999) stated that temperature mainly influences the ionic velocities with changes in partitioning of heavy metals. The study will identify and evaluate the amount of heavy metals in the collected contaminated soil samples, investigate physical characteristics of soils and relate to the chemical concentration levels of heavy metals, thus recommending the optimum temperature for efficient removal of heavy metals with appropriate pH. In this study, there are two types of specimen, i) site specimen, and ii) prepared specimen. For the site specimen, the physical characteristics and chemical concentration will be identified. For chemical concentration of both site and prepared samples, samples are digested and analyzed using ICP-MS equipment. For the prepared specimen, fresh clay specimen are spiked, compacted of low concentration heavy metals and will be run using electrokinetic under controlled pH and temperature. The purging liquids will be prepared in the electrode reservoirs to provide an appropriately-controlled pH for heavy metals adsorption. The electrokinetic tests will be performed onto 80 prepared spiked samples with initial concentration to a final concentration, each set of 240 hrs duration, temperature set and observed with daily pH monitored and recorded. The removal efficiency for optimal heavy-metal desorption, initial and final pH of the slurry specimen at 5 positions on the test-cell will be recorded, computed and analyzed

Production and purification of xylooligosaccharides from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre by a non-isothermal process

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibre, a by-product generated from non-woody, tropical perennial oil palm crop was evaluated for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production. Samples of OPEFB fibre were subjected to non-isothermal autohydrolysis treatment using a temperature range from 150 to 220 ºC. The highest XOS concentration, 17.6 g/L which relayed from solubilisation of 63 g/100 g xylan was achieved at 210 ºC and there was a minimum amount of xylose and furfural being produced. The chromatographic purification which was undertaken to purify the oligosaccharide-rich liquor resulted in a product with 74–78% purity, of which 83–85% was XOS with degree of polymerisation (DP) between 5 and 40

Pre-treatment and extraction techniques for recovery of added value compounds from wastes throughout the agri-food chain

The enormous quantity of food wastes discarded annually force to look for alternatives for this interesting feedstock. Thus, food bio-waste valorisation is one of the imperatives of the nowadays society. This review is the most comprehensive overview of currently existing technologies and processes in this field. It tackles classical and innovative physical, physico-chemical and chemical methods of food waste pre-treatment and extraction for recovery of added value compounds and detection by modern technologies and are an outcome of the COST Action EUBIS, TD1203 Food Waste Valorisation for Sustainable Chemicals, Materials and Fuels

MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL SCIENCES FRACTIONATION OF HEMICELLULOSE FROM RICE STRAW BY ALKALINE EXTRACTION AND ETHANOL PRECIPITATION

Abstract Hemicelluloses were extracted from rice straw using alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation. The effects of different extraction conditions; temperature (45 -65 °C), pH (4.5 -6.5), and concentrations of NaOH (0.25 -1 M) on the hemicellulose yield were investigated. Two hemicelllulosic fractions namely Ha 1 and Ha 2 were obtained by precipitation of alkaline soluble hemicellulose in 0.2 volumes and 4 volumes ethanol, respectively. The Ha 1 and Ha 2 were further characterized to obtain total sugar, monosaccharides and Klason Lignin content. The highest hemicellulose yield for Ha 1 was 4.00 % obtained at 55 °C and pH 5.5 with 0.25 M of NaOH, whereas the highest hemicellulose yield for Ha 2 was 19.88 % obtained at 55 °C and pH 5.5 with 0.5 M of NaOH. This study revealed that hemicellulose yield is dependent on the pH, temperature and concentration of NaOH in the alkaline extraction. Keywords: hemicelluloses, rice straw, alkaline extraction, ethanol precipitation Abstrak Hemiselulosa daripada hampas batang padi telah diekstrak melalui pengekstrakan beralkali dan pemendakan etanol. Kesan perbezaan kondisi pengekstrakan; suhu (45 -65 °C), pH (4.5 -6.5), dan kepekatan NaOH (0.25 -1 M) ke atas hasil hemiselulosa dikaji. Dua pecahan hemiselulosa, Ha 1 and Ha 2 telah diperolehi melalui pemendakan hemisellulosa larut alkali dalam isipadu etanol 0.2 dan 4 masing-masing. Ha 1 and Ha 2 dicirikan oleh jumlah gula, kandungan monosakarida dan Klason Lignin. Hasil hemiselulosa tertinggi untuk Ha 1 adalah 4.00 % yang diperolehi pada suhu 55 °C, pH 5.5 and 0.25 M NaOH, manakala untuk Ha 2 adalah 19.88 % diperolehi pada suhu 55 °C, pH 5.5 and kepekatan 0.5 M NaOH. Kajian ini membuktikan hasil hemisellulosa bergantung kepada pH, suhu dan kepekatan NaOH dalam pengekstrakan beralkali. Kata kunci: hemiselulosa, hampas batang padi, pengekstrakan beralkali, pemendakan etanol Introduction The main cereal crop in the whole wide world is rice, which is being produced in more than 148 million hectares with huge range of ecosystem. The scientific name of paddy is Oryza sativa. It is an important cereal crop that produce a lot of residues which is rice stra