Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mediates baseline and activity-induced survival of new neurons in adult hippocampal neurogenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Adult neurogenesis is a particular example of brain plasticity that is partially modulated by the endocannabinoid system. Whereas the impact of synthetic cannabinoids on the neuronal progenitor cells has been described, there has been lack of information about the action of plant-derived extracts on neurogenesis. Therefore we here focused on the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) fed to female C57Bl/6 and Nestin-GFP-reporter mice on proliferation and maturation of neuronal progenitor cells and spatial learning performance. In addition we used cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) deficient mice and treatment with CB1 antagonist AM251 in Nestin-GFP-reporter mice to investigate the role of the CB1 receptor in adult neurogenesis in detail.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>THC and CBD differed in their effects on spatial learning and adult neurogenesis. CBD did not impair learning but increased adult neurogenesis, whereas THC reduced learning without affecting adult neurogenesis. We found the neurogenic effect of CBD to be dependent on the CB1 receptor, which is expressed over the whole dentate gyrus. Similarly, the neurogenic effect of environmental enrichment and voluntary wheel running depends on the presence of the CB1 receptor. We found that in the absence of CB1 receptors, cell proliferation was increased and neuronal differentiation reduced, which could be related to CB1 receptor mediated signaling in Doublecortin (DCX)-expressing intermediate progenitor cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>CB1 affected the stages of adult neurogenesis that involve intermediate highly proliferative progenitor cells and the survival and maturation of new neurons. The pro-neurogenic effects of CBD might explain some of the positive therapeutic features of CBD-based compounds.</p

Silicon particles as trojan horses for potential cancer therapy

[EN] Background: Porous silicon particles (PSiPs) have been used extensively as drug delivery systems, loaded with chemical species for disease treatment. It is well known from silicon producers that silicon is characterized by a low reduction potential, which in the case of PSiPs promotes explosive oxidation reactions with energy yields exceeding that of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The functionalization of the silica layer with sugars prevents its solubilization, while further functionalization with an appropriate antibody enables increased bioaccumulation inside selected cells. Results: We present here an immunotherapy approach for potential cancer treatment. Our platform comprises the use of engineered silicon particles conjugated with a selective antibody. The conceptual advantage of our system is that after reaction, the particles are degraded into soluble and excretable biocomponents. Conclusions: In our study, we demonstrate in particular, specific targeting and destruction of cancer cells in vitro. The fact that the LD50 value of PSiPs-HER-2 for tumor cells was 15-fold lower than the LD50 value for control cells demonstrates very high in vitro specificity. This is the first important step on a long road towards the design and development of novel chemotherapeutic agents against cancer in general, and breast cancer in particular.The authors acknowledge financial support from the following projects FIS2009-07812, MAT2012-35040, PROMETEO/2010/043, CTQ2011-23167, CrossSERS, FP7 MC-IEF 329131, and HSFP (project RGP0052/2012) and Medcom Tech SA. Xiang Yu acknowledges support by the Chinese government (CSC, Nr. 2010691036).Fenollosa Esteve, R.; Garcia-Rico, E.; Alvarez, S.; Alvarez, R.; Yu, X.; Rodriguez, I.; Carregal-Romero, S.... (2014). Silicon particles as trojan horses for potential cancer therapy. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 12:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-014-0035-7S11012Prasad PN: Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering. Wiley, New York, 2012.Randall CL, Leong TG, Bassik N, Gracias DH: 3D lithographically fabricated nanoliter containers for drug delivery. Adv Drug Del Rev. 2007, 59: 1547-1561. 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.024.Reibetanz U, Chen MHA, Mutukumaraswamy S, Liaw ZY, Oh BHL, Venkatraman S, Donath E, Neu BR: Colloidal DNA carriers for direct localization in cell compartments by pH sensoring. Biogeosciences. 2010, 11: 1779-1784.Tasciotti E, Liu X, Bhavane R, Plant K, Leonard AD, Price BK, Cheng MM-C, Decuzzi P, Tour JM, Robertson F, Ferrari M: Mesoporous silicon particles as a multistage delivery system for imaging and therapeutic applications. Nat Nano. 2008, 3: 151-157. 10.1038/nnano.2008.34.Park J-H, Gu L, von Maltzahn G, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ: Biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat Mater. 2009, 8: 331-336. 10.1038/nmat2398.Hong C, Lee J, Son M, Hong SS, Lee C: In-vivo cancer cell destruction using porous silicon nanoparticles. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2011, 22: 971-977. 910.1097/CAD.1090b1013e32834b32859cCanham LT: Device Comprising Resorbable Silicon for Boron Capture Neutron Therapy. UK Patent Nr. 0302283.7. Book Device Comprising Resorbable Silicon for Boron Capture Neutron Therapy. UK Patent Nr. 0302283.7 (Editor ed.^eds.). 2003, UK Patent Nr. 0302283.7, CityXiao L, Gu L, Howell SB, Sailor MJ: Porous silicon nanoparticle photosensitizers for singlet oxygen and their phototoxicity against cancer cells. ACS Nano. 2011, 5: 3651-3659. 10.1021/nn1035262.Gil PR, Parak WJ: Composite nanoparticles take Aim at cancer. ACS Nano. 2008, 2: 2200-2205. 10.1021/nn800716j.Gomella LG: Is interstitial hyperthermia a safe and efficacious adjunct to radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer?. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2004, 1: 72-73. 10.1038/ncpuro0041.Maier-Hauff K, Ulrich F, Nestler D, Niehoff H, Wust P, Thiesen B, Orawa H, Budach V, Jordan A: Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Neuro-Oncol. 2011, 103: 317-324. 10.1007/s11060-010-0389-0.Lal S, Clare SE, Halas NJ: Nanoshell-enabled photothermal cancer therapy: Impending clinical impact. Acc Chem Res. 2008, 41: 1842-1851. 10.1021/ar800150g.Lee C, Kim H, Hong C, Kim M, Hong SS, Lee DH, Lee WI: Porous silicon as an agent for cancer thermotherapy based on near-infrared light irradiation. J Mater Chem. 2008, 18: 4790-4795. 10.1039/b808500e.Osminkina LA, Gongalsky MB, Motuzuk AV, Timoshenko VY, Kudryavtsev AA: Silicon nanocrystals as photo- and sono-sensitizers for biomedical applications. Appl Phys B. 2011, 105: 665-668. 10.1007/s00340-011-4562-8.Jain PK, Huang X, El-Sayed IH, El-Sayed MA: Noble metals on the nanoscale: optical and photothermal properties and some applications in imaging, sensing, biology, and medicine. Acc Chem Res. 2008, 41: 1578-1586. 10.1021/ar7002804.Serda RE, Godin B, Blanco E, Chiappini C, Ferrari M: Multi-stage delivery nano-particle systems for therapeutic applications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1810, 2011: 317-329.Xu R, Huang Y, Mai J, Zhang G, Guo X, Xia X, Koay EJ, Qin G, Erm DR, Li Q, Liu X, Ferrari M, Shen H: Multistage vectored siRNA targeting ataxia-telangiectasia mutated for breast cancer therapy. Small. 2013, 9: 1799-1808. 10.1002/smll.201201510.Park JS, Kinsella JM, Jandial DD, Howell SB, Sailor MJ: Cisplatin-loaded porous Si microparticles capped by electroless deposition of platinum. Small. 2011, 7: 2061-2069. 10.1002/smll.201100438.Xue M, Zhong X, Shaposhnik Z, Qu Y, Tamanoi F, Duan X, Zink JI: pH-operated mechanized porous silicon nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2011, 133: 8798-8801. 10.1021/ja201252e.Canham LT: Bioactive silicon structure fabrication through nanoetching techniques. Adv Mater. 1995, 7: 1033-1037. 10.1002/adma.19950071215.Popplewell JF, King SJ, Day JP, Ackrill P, Fifield LK, Cresswell RG, Di Tada ML, Liu K: Kinetics of uptake and elimination of silicic acid by a human subject: a novel application of 32Si and accelerator mass spectrometry. J Inorganic Biochem. 1998, 69: 177-180. 10.1016/S0162-0134(97)10016-2.Shabir Q, Pokale A, Loni A, Johnson DR, Canham LT, Fenollosa R, Tymczenko M, Rodr guez I, Meseguer F, Cros A, Cantarero A: Medically biodegradable hydrogenated amorphous silicon microspheres. Silicon. 2011, 3: 173-176. 10.1007/s12633-011-9097-4.Chen Y, Wan Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiao Z: Anticancer efficacy enhancement and attenuation of side effects of doxorubicin with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2011, 6: 2321-2326.Mackowiak SA, Schmidt A, Weiss V, Argyo C, von Schirnding C, Bein T, Bräuchle C: Targeted drug delivery in cancer cells with Red-light photoactivated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 2013, 13: 2576-2583. 10.1021/nl400681f.Li Z, Barnes JC, Bosoy A, Stoddart JF, Zink JI: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2012, 41: 2590-2605. 10.1039/c1cs15246g.O Mara WC, Herring B, Hunt P: Handbook of Semiconductor Silicon Technology. Noyes Publication, New Jersey, 1990.Mikulec FV, Kirtland JD, Sailor MJ: Explosive nanocrystalline porous silicon and its Use in atomic emission spectroscopy. Adv Mater. 2002, 14: 38-41. 10.1002/1521-4095(20020104)14:13.0.CO;2-Z.Clement D, Diener J, Gross E, Kunzner N, Timoshenko VY, Kovalev D: Highly explosive nanosilicon-based composite materials. Phys Stat Sol A. 2005, 202: 1357-1359. 10.1002/pssa.200461102.Canham LT: Silicon quantum wire array fabrication by electrochemical and chemical dissolution of wafers. Appl Phys Lett. 1990, 57: 1046-1049. 10.1063/1.103561.Canham LT: Properties of Porous Silicon. INSPEC, United Kindom, 1997.Heinrich JL, Curtis CL, Credo GM, Sailor MJ, Kavanagh KL: Luminescent colloidal silicon suspensions from porous silicon. Science. 1992, 255: 66-68. 10.1126/science.255.5040.66.Littau KA, Szajowski PJ, Muller AJ, Kortan AR, Brus LE: A luminescent silicon nanocrystal colloid via a high-temperature aerosol reaction. J Phys Chem. 1993, 97: 1224-1230. 10.1021/j100108a019.Menz WJ, Shekar S, Brownbridge GPE, Mosbach S, Kōrmer R, Peukert W, Kraft M: Synthesis of silicon nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution: a theoretical study. J Aerosol Sci. 2012, 44: 46-61. 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.10.005.Swihart MT, Girshick SL: Thermochemistry and kinetics of silicon hydride cluster formation during thermal decomposition of silane. J Phys Chem B. 1998, 103: 64-76. 10.1021/jp983358e.Fenollosa R, Ramiro-Manzano F, Tymczenko M, Meseguer F: Porous silicon microspheres: synthesis, characterization and application to photonic microcavities. J Mater Chem. 2010, 20: 5210-5214. 10.1039/c0jm00079e.Ramiro-Manzano F, Fenollosa R, Xifré-Pérez E, Garín M, Meseguer F: Porous silicon microcavities based photonic barcodes. Adv Mater. 2011, 23: 3022-3025. 10.1002/adma.201100986.Kastl L, Sasse D, Wulf V, Hartmann R, Mircheski J, Ranke C, Carregal-Romero S, Martínez-López JA, Fernández-Chacón R, Parak WJ, Elsasser HP, Rivera-Gil P: Multiple internalization pathways of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules into mammalian cells. ACS Nano. 2013, 7: 6605-6618. 10.1021/nn306032k.Schweiger C, Hartmann R, Zhang F, Parak W, Kissel T, Rivera_Gil P: Quantification of the internalization patterns of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with opposite charge. J Nanobiotech. 2012, 10: 28-10.1186/1477-3155-10-28.Sanles-Sobrido M, Exner W, Rodr guez-Lorenzo L, Rodríguez-Gonzílez B, Correa-Duarte MA, Álvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM: Design of SERS-encoded, submicron, hollow particles through confined growth of encapsulated metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2009, 131: 2699-2705. 10.1021/ja8088444.Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, Pienkowski T, Martin M, Press M, Mackey J, Glaspy J, Chan A, Pawlicki M, Pinter T, Valero V, Liu MC, Sauter G, von Minckwitz G, Visco F, Bee V, Buyse M, Bendahmane B, Tabah-Fisch I, Lindsay MA, Riva A, Crown J: Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011, 365: 1273-1283. 10.1056/NEJMoa0910383.Agus DB, Gordon MS, Taylor C, Natale RB, Karlan B, Mendelson DS, Press MF, Allison DE, Sliwkowski MX, Lieberman G, Kelsey SM, Fyfe G: Phase I clinical study of pertuzumab, a novel HER dimerization inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005, 23: 2534-2543. 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.184.Colombo M, Mazzucchelli S, Montenegro JM, Galbiati E, Corsi F, Parak WJ, Prosperi D: Protein oriented ligation on nanoparticles exploiting O6-alkylguanine-DNA transferase (SNAP) genetically encoded fusion. Small. 2012, 8: 1492-1497. 10.1002/smll.201102284.Franklin MC, Carey KD, Vajdos FF, Leahy DJ, de Vos AM, Sliwkowski MX: Insights into ErbB signaling from the structure of the ErbB2-pertuzumab complex. Cancer Cell. 2004, 5: 317-328. 10.1016/S1535-6108(04)00083-2.Paris L, Cecchetti S, Spadaro F, Abalsamo L, Lugini L, Pisanu ME, Lorio E, Natali PG, Ramoni C, Podo F: Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C downregulates HER2 overexpression on plasma membrane of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12: R27-10.1186/bcr2575.Fenollosa R, Meseguer F, Tymczenko M: Silicon colloids: from microcavities to photonic sponges. Adv Mater. 2008, 20: 95-98. 10.1002/adma.200701589.Jasinski JM, Gates SM: Silicon chemical vapor deposition one step at a time: fundamental studies of silicon hydride chemistry. Acc Chem Res. 1991, 24: 9-15. 10.1021/ar00001a002.Xiao Q, Liu Y, Qiu Y, Zhou G, Mao C, Li Z, Yao Z-J, Jiang S: Potent antitumor mimetics of annonaceous acetogenins embedded with an aromatic moiety in the left hydrocarbon chain part. J Med Chem. 2010, 54: 525-533. 10.1021/jm101053k.Allman SA, Jensen HH, Vijayakrishnan B, Garnett JA, Leon E, Liu Y, Anthony DC, Sibson NR, Feizi T, Matthews S, Davis BG: Potent fluoro-oligosaccharide probes of adhesion in toxoplasmosis. ChemBioChem. 2009, 10: 2522-2529. 10.1002/cbic.200900425.Chambers DJ, Evans GR, Fairbanks AJ: Elimination reactions of glycosyl selenoxides. Tetrahedron. 2004, 60: 8411-8419. 10.1016/j.tet.2004.07.005.Tomabechi Y, Suzuki R, Haneda K, Inazu T: Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycosylated insulin using a GlcNAc tag. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010, 18: 1259-1264. 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.031.Pastoriza-Santos I, Gomez D, Perez-Juste J, Liz-Marzan LM, Mulvaney P: Optical properties of metal nanoparticle coated silica spheres: a simple effective medium approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2004, 6: 5056-5060. 10.1039/b405157b

Oxygen tension regulates the miRNA profile and bioactivity of exosomes released from extravillous trophoblast cells - liquid biopsies for monitoring complications of pregnancy

Our understanding of how cells communicate has undergone a paradigm shift since the recent recognition of the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling. In this study, we investigated whether oxygen tension alters the exosome release and miRNA profile from extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells, modifying their bioactivity on endothelial cells (EC). Furthermore, we have established the exosomal miRNA profile at early gestation in women who develop pre-eclampsia (PE) and spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). HTR-8/SVneo cells were used as an EVT model. The effect of oxygen tension (i.e. 8% and 1% oxygen) on exosome release was quantified using nanocrystals (Qdot®) coupled to CD63 by fluorescence NTA. A real-time, live-cell imaging system (Incucyte™) was used to establish the effect of exosomes on EC. Plasma samples were obtained at early gestation (<18 weeks) and classified according to pregnancy outcomes. An Illumina TrueSeq Small RNA kit was used to construct a small RNA library from exosomal RNA obtained from EVT and plasma samples. The number of exosomes was significantly higher in EVT cultured under 1% compared to 8% oxygen. In total, 741 miRNA were identified in exosomes from EVT. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these miRNA were associated with cell migration and cytokine production. Interestingly, exosomes isolated from EVT cultured at 8% oxygen increased EC migration, whilst exosomes cultured at 1% oxygen decreased EC migration. These changes were inversely proportional to TNF-α released from EC. Finally, we have identified a set of unique miRNAs in exosomes from EVT cultured at 1% oxygen and exosomes isolated from the circulation of mothers at early gestation, who later developed PE and SPTB. We suggest that aberrant exosomal signalling by placental cells is a common aetiological factor in pregnancy complications characterised by incomplete SpA remodeling and is therefore a clinically relevant biomarker of pregnancy complications.Grace Truong, Dominic Guanzon, Vyjayanthi Kinhal, Omar Elfeky, Andrew Lai, Sherri Longo, Zarin Nuzhat, Carlos Palma, Katherin Scholz-Romero, Ramkumar Menon, Ben W. Mol, Gregory E. Rice, Carlos Salomo

Classification and function of small open reading frames

Small open reading frames (smORFs) of 100 codons or fewer are usually - if arbitrarily - excluded from proteome annotations. Despite this, the genomes of many metazoans, including humans, contain millions of smORFs, some of which fulfil key physiological functions. Recently, the transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster was shown to contain thousands of smORFs of different classes that actively undergo translation, which produces peptides of mostly unknown function. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of smORFs in flies, mice and humans. We propose the existence of several functional classes of smORFs, ranging from inert DNA sequences to transcribed and translated cis-regulators of translation and peptides with a propensity to function as regulators of membrane-associated proteins, or as components of ancient protein complexes in the cytoplasm. We suggest that the different smORF classes could represent steps in gene, peptide and protein evolution. Our analysis introduces a distinction between different peptide-coding classes of smORFs in animal genomes, and highlights the role of model organisms for the study of small peptide biology in the context of development, physiology and human disease

Nutritional therapy and infectious diseases: a two-edged sword

The benefits and risks of nutritional therapies in the prevention and management of infectious diseases in the developed world are reviewed. There is strong evidence that early enteral feeding of patients prevents infections in a variety of traumatic and surgical illnesses. There is, however, little support for similar early feeding in medical illnesses. Parenteral nutrition increases the risk of infection when compared to enteral feeding or delayed nutrition. The use of gastric feedings appears to be as safe and effective as small bowel feedings. Dietary supplementation with glutamine appears to lower the risk of post-surgical infections and the ingestion of cranberry products has value in preventing urinary tract infections in women

Observation of Two New Excited Ξb0 States Decaying to Λb0 K-π+

Two narrow resonant states are observed in the Λb0K-π+ mass spectrum using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb-1. The minimal quark content of the Λb0K-π+ system indicates that these are excited Ξb0 baryons. The masses of the Ξb(6327)0 and Ξb(6333)0 states are m[Ξb(6327)0]=6327.28-0.21+0.23±0.12±0.24 and m[Ξb(6333)0]=6332.69-0.18+0.17±0.03±0.22 MeV, respectively, with a mass splitting of Δm=5.41-0.27+0.26±0.12 MeV, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the Λb0 mass measurement. The measured natural widths of these states are consistent with zero, with upper limits of Γ[Ξb(6327)0]&lt;2.20(2.56) and Γ[Ξb(6333)0]&lt;1.60(1.92) MeV at a 90% (95%) credibility level. The significance of the two-peak hypothesis is larger than nine (five) Gaussian standard deviations compared to the no-peak (one-peak) hypothesis. The masses, widths, and resonant structure of the new states are in good agreement with the expectations for a doublet of 1D Ξb0 resonances

Observation of B(s)0→J/ψpp¯ decays and precision measurements of the B(s)0 masses

The first observation of the decays B 0 ( s ) → J / ψ p ¯ p is reported, using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.2     fb − 1 , collected with the LHCb detector. These decays are suppressed due to limited available phase space, as well as due to Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka or Cabibbo suppression. The measured branching fractions are B ( B 0 → J / ψ p ¯ p ) = [ 4.51 ± 0.40 ( stat ) ± 0.44 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 7 , B ( B 0 s → J / ψ p ¯ p ) = [ 3.58 ± 0.19 ( stat ) ± 0.39 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 6 . For the B 0 s meson, the result is much higher than the expected value of O ( 10 − 9 ) . The small available phase space in these decays also allows for the most precise single measurement of both the B 0 mass as 5279.74 ± 0.30 ( stat ) ± 0.10 ( syst )     MeV and the B 0 s mass as 5366.85 ± 0.19 ( stat ) ± 0.13 ( syst )     MeV

Measurement of D s ^± production asymmetry in pp collisions at √s=7 and 8 TeV

The inclusive $D_s^{\pm}$ production asymmetry is measured in $pp$ collisions collected by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of $\sqrt{s} =7$ and 8 TeV. Promptly produced $D_s^{\pm}$ mesons are used, which decay as $D_s^{\pm}\to\phi\pi^{\pm}$, with $\phi\to K^+K^-$. The measurement is performed in bins of transverse momentum, $p_{\rm T}$, and rapidity, $y$, covering the range $2.5<p_{\rm T}<25.0$ GeV$/c$ and $2.0<y<4.5$. No kinematic dependence is observed. Evidence of nonzero $D_s^{\pm}$ production asymmetry is found with a significance of 3.3 standard deviations.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2018-010.htm

Observation of the decay Λ _b ⁰ → ψ(2S)pπ⁻

International audienceThe Cabibbo-suppressed decay Λ$_{b}^{0}$  → ψ(2S)pπ$^{−}$ is observed for the first time using a data sample collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions corresponding to 1.0, 2.0 and 1.9 fb$^{−1}$ of integrated luminosity at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV, respectively. The ψ(2S) mesons are reconstructed in the μ$^{+}$μ$^{−}$ final state. The branching fraction with respect to that of the Λ$_{b}^{0}$  → ψ(2S)pK$^{−}$ decay mode is measured to b