Thymus mast cells as a component of neuro-endocrine-immune interactions under stress

Mast cells (MCs) are a required component of the thymus microenvironment. They affect intercellular interactions and permeability of the hematothymic barrier through cytokine production. There is speculation that the thymus is the site of MCs formation and deposition. MCs are under complex neuro-endocrine control and they can play an important role in the process of acute transformation of the thymus in the formation of a stress reaction, affecting the extrathymic migration of cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the functional involvement of MCs in the process of the thymus acute transformation at various hyper- and hypodynamic effects during the formation of stress response and without it.The study was conducted on male Wistar rats. The stress factors were physical activity (swimming) of different intensities and immobilization, which represent two opposite states of dynamic stress. MCs were classified on histological preparations; a degranulation coefficient and a mean histochemical coefficient (synthetic activity) were calculated.In groups with preserved adrenal glands after exposure a significant decrease in the thymus mass coefficient is noted, which indicates a weakening of its functional activity in response to the development of stress. At the same time, MCs of the thymus quickly respond to neuro-endocrine factors under stress. These cells are involved in a general reaction: their activity consists in a synchronous decrease of the synthesis of granules in the cytoplasm and an increased release of active substances accumulated earlier. The mass and structure of the thymus remain unchanged in groups with removed adrenal glands after immobilization. No changes in morphofunctional indicators of mast cells were detected either. Experiments with hypo- and hyperdinamic loading of animals with preserved and removed adrenal glands indicate that the MCs response is largely determined by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the endocrine system. Removal of the adrenal glands (inability to release glucocorticoids) leads to a lack of functional response from the thymus MCs. The stimulating effect of adrenal glucocorticoids on MCs under stress is carried out in combination with other neuro-endocrine factors (catecholamines, corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone). When this axis is activated and a full-fledged stress reaction is formed by the body, MCs are actively involved in the process of acute transformation of the thymus through cytokine secretion. These is an important condition for the development of adaptation mechanisms by the immune system

The Possibility of Using Mast Cells as Indicators of the Accumulation of Age-Related Changes in Different Tissues

In this research the age related changes of morpho-functional parameters of mast cells populations in different organs of rats: thymus, adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract, skin and liver were studied by using two different aged groups of Wistar rats and different histochemical stains

Interrelation of mast cells with spermatogenesis in norm and in case of damage

The aim of the study was to study the relationship between the condition of mast cells of testes and spermatogenesis in normal and with various types of testicular damage. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male rats of the Wistar line. Two experimental models of testicular damage were used puncture and compression. Morphological and morphometric methods of investigation were used to study the relationship between spermatogenesis and mast cells. To assess the functional state of the testicles by chemiluminescence, a study was made of the level of total testosterone in the blood. Results. The similar destructive processes develop in the testicle with various injuries, characterized by the presence of necrotic tubules, seed balls, a decrease in the number of spermatogenic epithelial cells, an increase in the number of non-functioning tubules, and a change in a number of morphometric parameters. The reaction of mast cells to various types of damage is manifested in the enhancement of their functional activity. So after a puncture against the background of a decrease in the number of mast cells activation of their synthetic function occurs, while in squeezing the cells respond not only with an increase in functional activity, but also with an increase in their number in the organ. The conclusion. Disturbance of spermatogenesis in various injuries of the testis is accompanied by activation of the functional activity of mast cells, regardless of the nature of the damage. However, the increase in the number of mast cells in the body occurs only with the preservation of the blood-testis barrier. Since normal spermatogenesis is carried out against the background of a sufficiently high synthetic activity of mast cells, this reaction of increased synthesis and degranulation can be considered as compensatory. © 2019 Siberian State Medical University. All rights reserved.to the publication of this article. Source of financing. The work was carried out as part of the government contract of the Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences (topic No. АААА-А18-118020590108-7)

Spin chemistry investigation of peculiarities of photoinduced electron transfer in donor-acceptor linked system

Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in linked systems, (R,S)- and (S,S)-naproxen-N-methylpyrrolidine dyads, has been studied by means of spin chemistry methods [magnetic field effect and chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP)]. The relative yield of the triplet state of the dyads in different magnetic field has been measured, and dependences of the high-field CIDNP of the N-methylpyrrolidine fragment on solvent polarity have been investigated. However, both (S,S)- and (R,S)-enantiomers demonstrate almost identical CIDNP effects for the entire range of polarity. It has been demonstrated that the main peculiarities of photoprocesses in this linked system are connected with the participation of singlet exciplex alongside with photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in chromophore excited state quenching.This work was supported by the grants 08-03-00372 and 11-03-01104 of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, and the grant of Priority Programs of the Russian Academy of Sciences, nr. 5.1.5.Magin, I.; Polyakov, N.; Khramtsova, E.; Kruppa, A.; Stepanov, A.; Purtov, P.; Leshina, T.... (2011). Spin chemistry investigation of peculiarities of photoinduced electron transfer in donor-acceptor linked system. Applied Magnetic Resonance. 41(2-4):205-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-011-0288-3S205220412-4J.S. Park, E. Karnas, K. Ohkubo, P. Chen, K.M. Kadish, S. Fukuzumi, C.W. Bielawski, T.W. Hudnall, V.M. Lynch, J.L. Sessler, Science 329, 1324–1327 (2010)S.Y. Reece, D.G. Nocera, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 78, 673–699 (2009)M.S. Afanasyeva, M.B. Taraban, P.A. Purtov, T.V. Leshina, C.B. Grissom, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 8651–8658 (2006)M.A. Fox, M. Chanon, in Photoinduced Electron Transfer. C: Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions: Organic Substrates (Elsevier, New York, 1988), p. 754P.J. Hayball, R.L. Nation, F. Bochner, Chirality 4, 484–487 (1992)N. Suesa, M.F. Fernandez, M. Gutierrez, M.J. Rufat, E. Rotllan, L. Calvo, D. Mauleon, G. Carganico, Chirality 5, 589–595 (1993)A.M. Evans, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36, 7–15 (1996)Y. Inoue, T. Wada, S. Asaoka, H. Sato, J.-P. Pete, Chem Commun. 4, 251–259 (2000)T. Yorozu, K. Hayashi, M. Irie, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 5480–5548 (1981)N.J. Turro, in Modern Molecular Photochemistry (Benjamin/Cummings, San Francisco, 1978)K.M. Salikhov, Y.N. Molin, R.Z. Sagdeev, A.L. Buchachenko, in Spin Polarization and Magnetic Field Effects in Radical Reactions (Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1984), p. 419E.A. Weiss, M.A. Ratner, M.R. Wasielewski, J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 3639–3647 (2003)A.S. Lukas, P.J. Bushard, E.A. Weiss, M.R. Wasielewski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 3921–3930 (2003)R. Nakagaki, K. Mutai, M. Hiramatsu, H. Tukada, S. Nakakura, Can. J. Chem. 66, 1989–1996 (1988)M.C. Jim′enez, U. Pischel, M.A. Miranda, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 8, 128–142 (2007)S. Abad, U. Pischel, M.A. Miranda, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 4, 69–74 (2005)U. Pischel, S. Abad, L.R. Domingo, F. Bosca, M.A. Miranda, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 2531–2534 (2003)G.L. Closs, R.J. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 1639–1641 (1979)G.L. Closs, R.J. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 3586–3588 (1981)M. Goez, Chem. Phys. Lett. 188, 451–456 (1992)I.F. Molokov, Y.P. Tsentalovich, A.V. Yurkovskaya, R.Z. Sagdeev, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 110, 159–165 (1997)U. Pischel, S. Abad, M.A. Miranda, Chem. Commun. 9, 1088–1089 (2003)H. Hayashi, S. Nagakura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, 322–328 (1984)Y. Sakaguchi, H. Hayashi, S. Nagakura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 53, 39–42 (1980)H. Yonemura, H. Nakamura, T. Matsuo, Chem. Phys. Lett. 155, 157–161 (1989)N. Hata, M. Hokawa, Chem. Lett. 10, 507–510 (1981)M. Shiotani, L. Sjoeqvist, A. Lund, S. Lunell, L. Eriksson, M.B. Huang, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8081–8090 (1990)E. Schaffner, H. Fischer, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 1657–1665 (1996)Y. Mori, Y. Sakaguchi, H. Hayashi, Chem. Phys. Lett. 286, 446–451 (1998)I.M. Magin, A.I. Kruppa, P.A. Purtov, Chem. Phys. 365, 80–84 (2009)K.K. Barnes, Electrochemical Reactions in Nonaqueous Systems (M. Dekker, New York, 1970), p. 560J. Bargon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 8350–8351 (1977)M. Goez, I. Frisch, J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 8079–8084 (2002)A.K. Chibisov, Russ. Chem. Rev. 50, 615–629 (1981)J. Goodman, K. Peters, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 1441–1442 (1985)H. Cao, Y. Fujiwara, T. Haino, Y. Fukazawa, C.-H. Tung, Y. Tanimoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 69, 2801–2813 (1996)P.A. Purtov, A.B. Doktorov, Chem. Phys. 178, 47–65 (1993)A.I. Kruppa, O.I. Mikhailovskaya, T.V. Leshina, Chem. Phys. Lett. 147, 65–71 (1988)M.E. Michel-Beyerle, R. Haberkorn, W. Bube, E. Steffens, H. Schröder, H.J. Neusser, E.W. Schlag, H. Seidlitz, Chem. Phys. 17, 139–145 (1976)K. Schulten, H. Staerk, A. Weller, H.-J. Werner, B. Nickel, Z. Phys. Chem. 101, 371–390 (1976)K. Gnadig, K.B. Eisenthal, Chem. Phys. Lett. 46, 339–342 (1977)T. Nishimura, N. Nakashima, N. Mataga, Chem. Phys. Lett. 46, 334–338 (1977)M.G. Kuzmin, I.V. Soboleva, E.V. Dolotova, D.N. Dogadkin, High Eng. Chem. 39, 86–96 (2005

Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders

Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.Peer reviewe

MINERALy, VLIYaYuShchIE NA ROST I KAChESTVO KOSTI U ZDOROVYKh DETEY

На основании изучения и анализа содержания минералов у детей разработаны возрастные нормативы уровня общего и ионизированного кальция, фосфора и цинка у детей 5-16 лет, которые позволяют снизить вероятность гипердиагностики различных элементозов и неблагоприятного прогноза здоровья ребёнка Они могут быть использованы в исследованиях по возрастной физиологии и для оценки влияния различных факторов среды на минеральный обмен у детей

Interrelation of mast cells with spermatogenesis in norm and in case of damage

The aim of the study was to study the relationship between the condition of mast cells of testes and spermatogenesis in normal and with various types of testicular damage.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male rats of the Wistar line. Two experimental models of testicular damage were used puncture and compression. Morphological and morphometric methods of investigation were used to study the relationship between spermatogenesis and mast cells. To assess the functional state of the testicles by chemiluminescence, a study was made of the level of total testosterone in the blood.Results. The similar destructive processes develop in the testicle with various injuries, characterized by the presence of necrotic tubules, seed balls, a decrease in the number of spermatogenic epithelial cells, an increase in the number of non-functioning tubules, and a change in a number of morphometric parameters. The reaction of mast cells to various types of damage is manifested in the enhancement of their functional activity. So after a puncture against the background of a decrease in the number of mast cells activation of their synthetic function occurs, while in squeezing the cells respond not only with an increase in functional activity, but also with an increase in their number in the organ.The conclusion. Disturbance of spermatogenesis in various injuries of the testis is accompanied by activation of the functional activity of mast cells, regardless of the nature of the damage. However, the increase in the number of mast cells in the body occurs only with the preservation of the blood–testis barrier. Since normal spermatogenesis is carried out against the background of a sufficiently high synthetic activity of mast cells, this reaction of increased synthesis and degranulation can be considered as compensatory

Mineral composition of 0.25-0.05 mm grain size fraction from Holocene sediments of the Baikal Lake

Results of investigations of Baikal bottom sediments from a long core (BDP-97) and several short (0-1 m) cores are presented. It can be shown that Holocene sediments in the Baikal basins consist of biogenic-terrigenous muds accumulated under still sedimentation conditions, and of turbidites formed during catastrophic events. The turbidites can be distinguished from the host sediments by their enrichment in heavy minerals and thus their high magnetic susceptibility. Often, Pliocene and Pleistocene diatom species observed in the Holocene sediments (mainly in the turbidites) point to redeposition of ancient offshore sediments. Our results indicate that deltas, littoral zones, and continental slopes are source areas of turbidites. The fact that the turbidites occur far from their sources confirms existence of high-energy turbidity currents responsible for long-distance lateral-sediment transport to the deep basins of the lake