2,610 research outputs found
Brief of Law Professors as Amicus Curiae in Support of Respondent
Inventors lacking assurance of a market, or even the right to practice patented inventions, face considerable risk. Those who qualify for patents, in return for disclosure, receive only the assistance of the courts in excluding others from economic exploitation of their inventions. Already subject to many legislative and judicial limitations, patents should not be further subject to the functional equivalent of private inverse condemnation without congressional action
Gas flow in near surface comet like porous structures: Application to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
We performed an investigation of a comet like porous surface to study how sub-surface sublimation with subsequent flow through the porous medium can lead to higher gas temperatures at the surface. A higher gas temperature of the emitted gas at the surface layer, compared to the sublimation temperature, will lead to higher gas speeds as the gas expands into the vacuum thus altering the flow properties on larger scales (kilometres away from the surface). Unlike previous models that have used modelled artificial structures, we used Earth rock samples with a porosity in the range 24 â 92 % obtained from X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scans with resolution of some ÎŒm. Micro-CT scanning technology provides 3D images of the pore samples. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method for the rarefied gas dynamics is directly applied on the digital rock samples in an unstructured mesh to determine the gas densities, temperatures and speeds within the porous medium and a few centimetres above the surface. The thicknesses of the rock samples were comparable to the diurnal thermal skin depth (5cm). H2O was assumed to be the outgassing species. We correlated the coma temperatures and other properties of the flow with the rock porosities. The results are discussed as an input to analysis of data from the Microwave Instrument on Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) on the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
The properties of asteroid (2867) Steins from Spitzer observations and OSIRIS shape reconstruction
We report on the thermal properties and composition of asteroid (2867) Steins
derived from an analysis of new Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) observations
performed in March 2008, in addition to previously published SST observations
performed in November 2005. We consider the three-dimensional shape model and
photometric properties derived from OSIRIS images obtained during the flyby of
the Rosetta spacecraft in September 2008, which we combine with a thermal model
to properly interpret the observed SST thermal light curve and spectral energy
distributions. We obtain a thermal inertia in the range 100\pm50 JK-1m-2s-1/2
and a beaming factor (roughness) in the range 0.7-1.0. We confirm that the
infrared emissivity of Steins is consistent with an enstatite composition. The
November 2005 SST thermal light curve is most reliably interpreted by assuming
inhomogeneities in the thermal properties of the surface, with two different
regions of slightly different roughness, as observed on other small bodies,
such as the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1. Our results emphasize that the shape
model is important to an accurate determination of the thermal inertia and
roughness. Finally, we present temperature maps of Steins, as seen by Rosetta
during its flyby, and discuss the interpretation of the observations performed
by the VIRTIS and MIRO instruments
Energy in the home: Everyday life and the effect on time of use
The application of building simulation and modelling is becoming more widespread, particularly in the analysis of residential buildings. The energy consumption and control of systems in residential buildings are tightly linked to the behaviour of people, arguably more so than in commercial buildings which have traditionally been the preserve of building simulation analysis. The input profiles used in simulation pay little attention to the link between numerical characterisations of observed âbehaviourâ and the way people actually live in the home. Understanding this is important if we are to improve the modelling of buildings, gain greater insight into energy consumption and make better decisions about future energy production and generation. This paper explores this link by combining conventional numerical analysis of appliance data with insights from the ethnographic study of families in 20 UK homes. Ethnographic insights provide a context to the analysis and understanding of monitoring data that would not otherwise be possible. Importantly, this paper highlights the need to rethink previously static notions of simulation input, such as occupancy and individual appliance use
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Characterization of the Subsurface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's Abydos Site
We investigate the structure of the subsurface of the Abydos site using a cometary nucleus model with parameters adapted to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the Abydos landing site. We aim to compare the production rates derived from our model with those of the main molecules measured by Ptolemy. This will allow us to retrieve the depths at which the different molecules still exist in solid form
Ductility and Toughness Improvement of Injection-Molded Compostable Pieces of Polylactide by Melt Blending with Poly(e-caprolactone) and Thermoplastic Starch
[EN] The present study describes the preparation and characterization of binary and ternary blends based on polylactide (PLA) with poly("-caprolactone) (PCL) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) to develop fully compostable plastics with improved ductility and toughness. To this end, PLA was first melt-mixed in a co rotating twin-screw extruder with up to 40 wt % of different PCL and TPS combinations and then shaped into pieces by injection molding. The mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the resultant binary and ternary blend pieces were analyzed and related to their composition. Although the biopolymer blends were immiscible, the addition of both PCL and TPS remarkably increased the flexibility and impact strength of PLA while it slightly reduced its mechanical strength. The most balanced mechanical performance was achieved for the ternary blend pieces that combined high PCL contents with low amounts of TPS, suggesting a main phase change from PLA/TPS (comparatively rigid) to PLA/PCL (comparatively flexible). The PLA-based blends presented an Âżisland-and-seaÂż morphology in which the TPS phase contributed to the fine dispersion of PCL as micro-sized spherical domains that acted as a rubber-like phase with the capacity to improve toughness. In addition, the here-prepared ternary blend pieces presented slightly higher thermal stability and lower thermomechanical stiffness than the neat PLA pieces. Finally, all biopolymer pieces fully disintegrated in a controlled compost soil after 28 days. Therefore, the inherently low ductility and toughness of PLA can be successfully improved by melt blending with PCL and TPS, resulting in compostable plastic materials with a great potential in, for instance, rigid packaging applications.This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) program numbers MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R and AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R, and by the EU H2020 project YPACK (reference number 773872).Quiles-Carrillo, L.; Montanes, N.; Pineiro, F.; Jorda-Vilaplana, A.; Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Ductility and Toughness Improvement of Injection-Molded Compostable Pieces of Polylactide by Melt Blending with Poly(e-caprolactone) and Thermoplastic Starch. Materials. 11(11):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112138S1201111Hopewell, J., Dvorak, R., & Kosior, E. (2009). Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2115-2126. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0311Quiles-Carrillo, L., Montanes, N., Garcia-Garcia, D., Carbonell-Verdu, A., Balart, R., & Torres-Giner, S. (2018). Effect of different compatibilizers on injection-molded green composite pieces based on polylactide filled with almond shell flour. Composites Part B: Engineering, 147, 76-85. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.017Madhavan Nampoothiri, K., Nair, N. R., & John, R. P. (2010). An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresource Technology, 101(22), 8493-8501. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.092Kumar, N., & Das, D. (2017). Fibrous biocomposites from nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) and poly(lactic acid) fibers for automotive dashboard panel application. Composites Part B: Engineering, 130, 54-63. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.059GarcĂ©s, J. M., Moll, D. J., Bicerano, J., Fibiger, R., & McLeod, D. G. (2000). Polymeric Nanocomposites for Automotive Applications. Advanced Materials, 12(23), 1835-1839. doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200012)12:233.0.co;2-tLasprilla, A. J. R., Martinez, G. A. R., Lunelli, B. H., Jardini, A. L., & Filho, R. M. (2012). Poly-lactic acid synthesis for application in biomedical devices â A review. Biotechnology Advances, 30(1), 321-328. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.019Torres-Giner, S., Gimeno-Alcañiz, J. V., Ocio, M. J., & Lagaron, J. M. (2011). Optimization of electrospun polylactide-based ultrathin fibers for osteoconductive bone scaffolds. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 122(2), 914-925. doi:10.1002/app.34208Muller, J., GonzĂĄlez-MartĂnez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Combination of Poly(lactic) Acid and Starch for Biodegradable Food Packaging. Materials, 10(8), 952. doi:10.3390/ma10080952Kakroodi, A. R., Kazemi, Y., Nofar, M., & Park, C. B. (2017). 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Progress in Polymer Science, 31(6), 576-602. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.03.002Gug, J.-I., Tan, B., Soule, J., Downie, M., Barrington, J., & Sobkowicz, M. J. (2017). Analysis of Models Predicting Morphology Transitions in Reactive Twin-Screw Extrusion of Bio-Based Polyester/Polyamide Blends. International Polymer Processing, 32(3), 363-377. doi:10.3139/217.3351Stoclet, G., Seguela, R., & Lefebvre, J.-M. (2011). Morphology, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of binary blends of compatible biosourced polymers: Polylactide/polyamide11. Polymer, 52(6), 1417-1425. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.002Al-Itry, R., Lamnawar, K., & Maazouz, A. (2012). Improvement of thermal stability, rheological and mechanical properties of PLA, PBAT and their blends by reactive extrusion with functionalized epoxy. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 97(10), 1898-1914. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.028Wu, N., & Zhang, H. (2017). 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A photon calorimeter using lead tungstate crystals for the CEBAF Hall A Compton polarimeter
The performances of the calorimeter of the Jlab Hall A Compton Polarimeter
have been measured using the Mainz tagged photon beam.Comment: 13 page
First electron beam polarization measurements with a Compton polarimeter at Jefferson Laboratory
A Compton polarimeter has been installed in Hall A at Jefferson Laboratory.
This letter reports on the first electron beam polarization measurements
performed during the HAPPEX experiment at an electron energy of 3.3 GeV and an
average current of 40 A. The heart of this device is a Fabry-Perot cavity
which increased the luminosity for Compton scattering in the interaction region
so much that a 1.4% statistical accuracy could be obtained within one hour,
with a 3.3% total error
Flights in my hands : coherence concerns in designing Strip'TIC, a tangible space for air traffic controllers
Best Paper Honorable Mention awardInternational audienceWe reflect upon the design of a paper-based tangible interactive space to support air traffic control. We have observed, studied, prototyped and discussed with controllers a new mixed interaction system based on Anoto, video projection, and tracking. Starting from the understanding of the benefits of tangible paper strips, our goal is to study how mixed physical and virtual augmented data can support the controllers' mental work. The context of the activity led us to depart from models that are proposed in tangible interfaces research where coherence is based on how physical objects are representative of virtual objects. We propose a new account of coherence in a mixed interaction system that integrates externalization mechanisms. We found that physical objects play two roles: they act both as representation of mental objects and as tangible artifacts for interacting with augmented features. We observed that virtual objects represent physical ones, and not the reverse, and, being virtual representations of physical objects, should seamlessly converge with the cognitive role of the physical object. Finally, we show how coherence is achieved by providing a seamless interactive space
- âŠ