20 research outputs found
JOGO EDUCATIVO PARA A DISCIPLINA DE GEOGRAFIA
This paper discusses the project of an educational game that was developed for the discipline of geography. Currently the educational games are increasingly being used inside schools in order to bring the play to the learning environment, making the lessons more enjoyable and aiding the process of teaching and learning. The idea to develop this game of Geography is to encourage children to learn more about this discipline, through games like puzzle games, memory games, questions and answers among others, that address various issues in Brazil and the world
JOGO EDUCATIVO PARA A DISCIPLINA DE GEOGRAFIA
Este artigo discorre sobre o projeto de um jogo educativo que foi desenvolvido para a disciplina de geografia. Atualmente os jogos educacionais estĂŁo sendo cada vez mais usados dentro das escolas com o objetivo de levar o lĂșdico para o ambiente de aprendizado, tornando as aulas mais agradĂĄveis e auxiliando o processo de ensino aprendizagem. A idĂ©ia ao se desenvolver este jogo de Geografia Ă© incentivar as crianças a aprenderem mais sobre esta disciplina, atravĂ©s de jogos como quebra-cabeça, jogos de memĂłria, jogos de perguntas e respostas entre outros, que abordam vĂĄrios assuntos do Brasil e do mundo
Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Mozambique: 2001-2012
BACKGROUND: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a major cause
of illness and death among children worldwide. 10-valent
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced as part of
the Mozambican routine immunization program in April 2013. We
characterized the IPD burden in a rural area of Mozambique
before PCV introduction and estimated the potential impact of
this intervention. METHODS: We conducted population-based
surveillance for IPD, defined as S. pneumoniae isolated from
blood or cerebrospinal fluid, among children <5 years old
admitted to Manhica District Hospital, a referral hospital in a
rural area with high prevalence of human immunodiciency virus
infection. S. pneumoniae was identified using standard
microbiologic methods and serotyped using sequential multiplex
PCR or Quellung. IPD incidence was calculated among cases from a
defined catchment area. RESULTS: From January 2001 through
December 2012, we isolated 768 cases of IPD, 498 (65%) of which
were bacteraemic pneumonia episodes. A total of 391 (51%) were
from the catchment area, yielding IPD incidence rates of 479,
390 and 107 episodes per 100,000 children-years at risk among
children <12, 12-23 and 24-<60 months old, respectively.
The overall IPD incidence fluctuated and showed a downward trend
over time. In these same age groups, in-hospital death occurred
in 48 (17%), 26 (12%), and 21 (13%) of all IPD cases,
respectively. Overall 90% (543/603) of IPD isolates were
available for serotyping; of those, 65% were covered by PCV10
and 83% by PCV13. Among 77 hospital deaths associated with
serotyped IPD, 49% and 69% were caused by isolates included in
the PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We describe very
high rates of IPD among children in rural Mozambique that were
declining before PCV introduction. Children <1 year old have
the greatest incidence and case fatality; although the rates
remain high among older groups as well. Most IPD episodes and
many deaths among children <5 years old will likely be
prevented through PCV10 introduction in Mozambique
Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences
The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & NemĂ©sio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; NemĂ©sio 2009aâb; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported
by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on
18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based
researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016
Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Mozambique.
Nasopharyngeal carriage is a precursor for pneumococcal disease and can be useful for evaluating pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) impact. We studied pre-PCV pneumococcal carriage among HIV-infected and -uninfected children in Mozambique. Between October 2012 and March 2013, we enrolled HIV-infected children age <5 years presenting for routine care at seven HIV clinics in 3 sites, including Maputo (urban-south), Nampula (urban-north), and Manhiça (rural-south). We also enrolled a random sample of HIV-uninfected children <5 years old from a demographic surveillance site in Manhiça. A single nasopharyngeal swab was obtained and cultured following enrichment in Todd Hewitt broth with yeast extract and rabbit serum. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped by Quellung reaction and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage were examined using logistic regression. Overall pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 80.5% (585/727), with similar prevalences among HIV-infected (81.5%, 339/416) and HIV-uninfected (79.1%, 246/311) children, and across age strata. Among HIV-infected, after adjusting for recent antibiotic use and hospitalization, there was no significant association between study site and colonization: Maputo (74.8%, 92/123), Nampula (83.7%, 82/98), Manhiça (84.6%, 165/195). Among HIV-uninfected, report of having been born to an HIV-infected mother was not associated with colonization. Among 601 pneumococcal isolates from 585 children, serotypes 19F (13.5%), 23F (13.1%), 6A (9.2%), 6B (6.2%) and 19A (5.2%) were most common. The proportion of serotypes included in the 10- and 13-valent vaccines was 44.9% and 61.7%, respectively, with no significant differences by HIV status or age group. Overall 36.9% (n = 268) of children were colonized with a PCV10 serotype and 49.7% (n = 361) with a PCV13 serotype. Pneumococcal carriage was common, with little variation by geographic region, age, or HIV status. PCV10 was introduced in April 2013; ongoing carriage studies will examine the benefits of PCV10 among HIV-infected and-uninfected children
Burden of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in rural Mozambique: 2001-2012
BACKGROUND: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a major cause
of illness and death among children worldwide. 10-valent
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced as part of
the Mozambican routine immunization program in April 2013. We
characterized the IPD burden in a rural area of Mozambique
before PCV introduction and estimated the potential impact of
this intervention. METHODS: We conducted population-based
surveillance for IPD, defined as S. pneumoniae isolated from
blood or cerebrospinal fluid, among children <5 years old
admitted to Manhica District Hospital, a referral hospital in a
rural area with high prevalence of human immunodiciency virus
infection. S. pneumoniae was identified using standard
microbiologic methods and serotyped using sequential multiplex
PCR or Quellung. IPD incidence was calculated among cases from a
defined catchment area. RESULTS: From January 2001 through
December 2012, we isolated 768 cases of IPD, 498 (65%) of which
were bacteraemic pneumonia episodes. A total of 391 (51%) were
from the catchment area, yielding IPD incidence rates of 479,
390 and 107 episodes per 100,000 children-years at risk among
children <12, 12-23 and 24-<60 months old, respectively.
The overall IPD incidence fluctuated and showed a downward trend
over time. In these same age groups, in-hospital death occurred
in 48 (17%), 26 (12%), and 21 (13%) of all IPD cases,
respectively. Overall 90% (543/603) of IPD isolates were
available for serotyping; of those, 65% were covered by PCV10
and 83% by PCV13. Among 77 hospital deaths associated with
serotyped IPD, 49% and 69% were caused by isolates included in
the PCV10 and PCV13, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We describe very
high rates of IPD among children in rural Mozambique that were
declining before PCV introduction. Children <1 year old have
the greatest incidence and case fatality; although the rates
remain high among older groups as well. Most IPD episodes and
many deaths among children <5 years old will likely be
prevented through PCV10 introduction in Mozambique
Number of IPD cases caused by most common vaccine types among children <5 years of age admitted at Manhica District Hospital, 2003â2012.
<p>Number of IPD cases caused by most common vaccine types among children <5 years of age admitted at Manhica District Hospital, 2003â2012.</p
Incidence rate of IPD among children <5 years old in rural Mozambique per different age groups, in Manhiça District Hospital.
<p>Incidence rate of IPD among children <5 years old in rural Mozambique per different age groups, in Manhiça District Hospital.</p
Proportion of pneumococcal disease syndromes potentially preventable by PCV formulation, among children < 5 years of age in Mozambique.
<p>Proportion of pneumococcal disease syndromes potentially preventable by PCV formulation, among children < 5 years of age in Mozambique.</p