Microelectronics and the Garment Industry: not yet a perfect fit

SUMMARY The garments sector is a major source of exports and employment in many Idcs. If automated technology were to become available, comparative advantage might revert to the developed countries. This is lent further importance by the fact that the basic technology is similar to that used in the shoe and leather industries which are also major sources of Idc exports. Garment technology has remained remarkably static over the last century and there have been few technological barriers to new entrants to the industry. However, the introduction of microelectronics technology is beginning to affect this and the advantages of low wage costs are beginning to be undermined. This article warns that emerging microelectronics technologies may erode the comparative advantages of developing countries which fail to adjustto the changing technological environment. RESUME La micro?électronique et l'habillement: une gêne aux entournures Le secteur de l'habillement est une source importante d'exportations et d'emplois dans bien des PVD. Avec l'automation, l'avantage relatif pourrait revenir aux pays développés, d'autant plus que les techniques de base sont analogues à celles de la chaussure et du cuir, importants secteurs d'exportation des PVD. L'industrie de l'habillement a peu bougé depuis un siècle, et les nouveaux venus n'ont pas jusqu'ici senti la contrainte des exigences techniques. La micro?èlectronique pourrait retourner la situation et minimiser l'avantage des bas salaires. Cet article met en garde les PVD qui ne sauront pas s'adapter à l'évolution technique. RESUMEN La microelectrónica y la industria del vestido: todavía no ajustan perfectamente El sector de la industria del vestido es una fuente importante de exportaciones y empleo en muchos países menos desarrollados. Si se dispusiera fácilmente de una tecnología automatizada, la ventaja comparativa podría pasar de nuevo a los países desarrollados. Esto adquiere aún mayor importancia por el hecho de que la tecnología básica es semejante a la utilizada en las industrias del cuero y el calzado, que también constituyen importantes fuentes de exportaciones de los países menos desarrollados. La tecnología de las prendas de vestir ha permanecido notablemente estática durante el último siglo y apenas han existido barreras tecnológicas para los nuevos participantes en la industria No obstante, la introducción de la tecnología microelectrónica comienza a influir en esto y empiezan a reducirse las ventajas de los costos salariales bajos. Este artículo constituye una advertencia de que las tecnologías microelectrónicas que empiezan a surgir pueden disminuir las ventajas comparativas de los países en vías de desarrollo que dejen de ajustarse a un ambiente tecnológico cambiante

Antibody responses to Brugia malayi antigens induced by DNA vaccination

BACKGROUND: DNA vaccination is a convenient means of immunizing animals with recombinant parasite antigens. DNA delivery methods are believed to affect the qualitative nature of immune responses to DNA vaccines in ways that may affect their protective activity. However, relatively few studies have directly compared immune responses to plasmids encoding the same antigens after injection by different routes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the route of administration on antibody responses to plasmids encoding antigens from the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi. METHODS: Four B. malayi genes and partial genes encoding paramyosin (BM5), heat shock protein (BMHSP-70), intermediate filament (BMIF) and a serodiagnostic antigen (BM14) were inserted in eukaryotic expression vectors (pJW4303 and pCR™3.1). BALB/c mice were immunized with individual recombinant plasmids or with a cocktail of all four plasmids by intramuscular injection (IM) or by gene gun-intradermal inoculation (GG). Antibody responses to recombinant antigens were measured by ELISA. Mean IgG1 to IgG2a antibody ratios were used as an indicator of Th1 or Th2 bias in immune responses induced with particular antigens by IM or GG immunization. The statistical significance of group differences in antibody responses was assessed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Mice produced antibody responses to all four filarial antigens after DNA vaccination by either the IM or GG route. Antibody responses to BM5 paramyosin were strongly biased toward IgG1 with lower levels of IgG2a after GG vaccination, while IM vaccination produced dominant IgG2a antibody responses. Antibody responses were biased toward IgG1 after both IM and GG immunization with BMIF, but antibodies were biased toward IgG2a after IM and GG vaccination with BMHSP-70 and BM14. Animals injected with a mixture of four recombinant plasmid DNAs produced antibodies to all four antigens. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that monovalent and polyvalent DNA vaccination successfully induced antibody responses to a variety of filarial antigens. However, antibody responses to different antigens varied in magnitude and with respect to isotype bias. The isotype bias of antibody responses following DNA vaccination can be affected by route of administration and by intrinsic characteristics of individual antigens

Improvements in Raman Lidar Measurements Using New Interference Filter Technology

Narrow-band interference filters with improved transmission in the ultra-violet have been developed under NASA-funded research and used in the Raman Airborne Spectroscopic Lidar (RASL) in ground-based, upward-looking tests. Measurements were made of atmospheric water vapor, cirrus cloud optical properties and carbon dioxide that improve upon any previously demonstrated using Raman lidar. Daytime boundary and mixed layer profiling of water vapor mixing ratio up to an altitude of approximately 4 h is performed with less than 5% random error using temporal and spatial resolution of 2-minutes and 60 - 210, respectively. Daytime cirrus cloud optical depth and extinction-to-backscatter ratio measurements are made using 1 -minute average. Sufficient signal strength is demonstrated to permit the simultaneous profiling of carbon dioxide and water vapor mixing ratio into the free troposphere during the nighttime. A description of the filter technology developments is provided followed by examples of the improved Raman lidar measurements

Airborne and Ground-Based Measurements Using a High-Performance Raman Lidar

The same RASL hardware as described in part I was installed in a ground-based mobile trailer and used in a water vapor lidar intercomparison campaign, hosted at Table Mountain, CA, under the auspices of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The converted RASL hardware demonstrated high sensitivity to lower stratospheric water vapor indicating that profiling water vapor at those altitudes with sufficient accuracy to monitor climate change is possible. The measurements from Table Mountain also were used to explain the reason, and correct , for sub-optimal airborne aerosol extinction performance during the flight campaign

Alzheimer disease models and human neuropathology: similarities and differences

Animal models aim to replicate the symptoms, the lesions or the cause(s) of Alzheimer disease. Numerous mouse transgenic lines have now succeeded in partially reproducing its lesions: the extracellular deposits of Aβ peptide and the intracellular accumulation of tau protein. Mutated human APP transgenes result in the deposition of Aβ peptide, similar but not identical to the Aβ peptide of human senile plaque. Amyloid angiopathy is common. Besides the deposition of Aβ, axon dystrophy and alteration of dendrites have been observed. All of the mutations cause an increase in Aβ 42 levels, except for the Arctic mutation, which alters the Aβ sequence itself. Overexpressing wild-type APP alone (as in the murine models of human trisomy 21) causes no Aβ deposition in most mouse lines. Doubly (APP × mutated PS1) transgenic mice develop the lesions earlier. Transgenic mice in which BACE1 has been knocked out or overexpressed have been produced, as well as lines with altered expression of neprilysin, the main degrading enzyme of Aβ. The APP transgenic mice have raised new questions concerning the mechanisms of neuronal loss, the accumulation of Aβ in the cell body of the neurons, inflammation and gliosis, and the dendritic alterations. They have allowed some insight to be gained into the kinetics of the changes. The connection between the symptoms, the lesions and the increase in Aβ oligomers has been found to be difficult to unravel. Neurofibrillary tangles are only found in mouse lines that overexpress mutated tau or human tau on a murine tau −/− background. A triply transgenic model (mutated APP, PS1 and tau) recapitulates the alterations seen in AD but its physiological relevance may be discussed. A number of modulators of Aβ or of tau accumulation have been tested. A transgenic model may be analyzed at three levels at least (symptoms, lesions, cause of the disease), and a reading key is proposed to summarize this analysis

CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

Peer reviewe