Life-cycle parameters of Copitarsia uncilata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on three natural diets

This study describes the life cycle of Copitarsia uncilata Burgos and Leiva (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions without photophase and a second experiment with photophase of 12 hours on three natural diets. The life cycle of C. uncilata was significantly shorter for females (76.46 ± 1.01 days, p=0.033) reared on alstroemeria (Alstroemeria sp.) diet without photophase, and for males (79.78 ± 0.36 days, p=0.046) reared on broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica), with photophase. The emergence of the adults was 100% and 80% from larvae fed on alstroemeria, 90.9% and 88.88% for individuals fed on broccoli, 86.2% and 50% for those fed on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), without and with photophase respectively. The sex ratio (male:female) of individuals reared without photophase, evidenced a higher rate of females on alstroemeria (1:1.3), followed by cauliflower (1:0.6) and broccoli (1:0.5). In the experiment with photophase, the sex ratio was higher on alstroemeria (1:1.5), followed by cauliflower (1:0.9) and broccoli (1:0.6). As a conclusion, the most suitable diet for laboratory mass rearing in terms of life cycle parameters of C. uncilata is broccoli followed by alstroemeria and cauliflower

Respuesta de Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) a estímulos olfativos: estado actual y perspectivas

Se presenta una revisión acerca de la investigación realizada en torno a la atracción química en la broca del café, como un aspecto indispensable para el desarrollo de métodos de captura en trampas, que pueden ser útiles para fines de monitoreo o control de la plaga. La discusión en relación con la broca del café es complementada con información disponible para otros Scolytinae de zonas con estaciones, que presentan características de comportamiento similiares. A partir del diagnóstico realizado se proponen temas de investigación relevantes para trabajos en el futuro

La paz, el posconflicto y ¿la gran feria internacional de negocios?

The negotiation and current agreements reached between the FARC-EP and the government, with their respective adjustments, are made in a rather unfavorable international political context, which will somehow impact on the implementation of the same, we will analyze this Latin American and Colombian context to close With the peace process and its implementation.La negociación y actuales acuerdos alcanzados entre las FARC-EP y el gobierno, con sus respectivos ajustes, se hace en un contexto político internacional bastante desfavorable, que de alguna manera repercutirá en la implementación de los mismos, analizaremos dicho contexto latinoamericano y Colombiano para cerrar con el proceso de paz y su implementación

Empleo de Trampas con Atrayente para el Control de la Broca Del Cafe (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Diseños, Criterios de Uso en Campo y Efectividad

Se presenta una reflexión sobre los diferentes diseños de trampa que han sido propuestos para la captura de la broca del café y se describen los resultados obtenidos en las evaluaciones en campo de dichos diseños. Se analizan las recomendaciones existentes en cuanto a número de trampas por unidad de área y ubicación de las mismas. Finalmente se desarrollan algunas consideraciones sobre el efecto de las variables ambientales sobre las capturas obtenidas y la efectividad de las trampas como estrategia de control

Planeación estratégica de una empresa comercializadora de pinturas: masuin

El propósito para el cual se desarrolló este proyecto fue el de realizar el planeamiento estratégico y página web a la empresa Masuin S.A, elementos que se trabajaron realizando un estudio minucioso de las actividades que en ella se desarrollan y que son básicos para la operatividad de cualquier empresa, acorde con la globalización del mundo de hoy. El estudio abarcó la revisión de la organización, procesos y procedimientos de la empresa, análisis de la competencia y estrategias aplicadas. Dado este marco referencial, se realizó el análisis FODA. Teniendo claro que el proceso de cambio económico todavía está inconcluso y que tanto política como económicamente el Ecuador cambia a ritmo vertiginoso, determinamos las estrategias que la empresa podría aplicar ante sus fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas. Como resultado de este proyecto, se ha desarrollado la página web; en la que se da a conocer información necesaria para los clientes y visitantes, así como también el planeamiento estratégico que debe aplicar la empresa para alcanzar los objetivos de la organización

Acinetobacter baumannii: patógeno multirresistente emergente

Introduccion: Acinetobacter baumannii es un bacilo Gram negativo oportunista, clasiicado por la Sociedad Americana de Enfermedades Infecciosas como uno de los seis más importantes microorganismos multirresistentes alrededor del mundo. En Colombia, según informes del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, dentro de los microorganismos multirresistente aislados en unidades de cuidados intensivos del país en el año 2014, A. baumannii representó el 3,1%. Objetivo: revisar los aspectos relevantes en la epidemiología, hábitat natural, factores de riesgo y virulencia para la infección por A. baumannii, sus manifestaciones clínicas y diferentes mecanismos de resistencia frente a múltiples fármacos, las estrategias de manejo actual y en desarrollo para enfrentar este microorganismo y mecanismos encaminados a prevenir y controlar la aparicion del mismo. Metodologia de búsqueda: se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Imbiomed, Cochrane, Clinicalkey, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, de 890 articulos se seleccionaron 254. Resultados: las especies de Acinetobacter pueden ser aisladas de objetos animados e inanimados. Crecen en casi todas las muestras de suelos y agua fresca. En el medio hospitalario, estos microorganismos han sido aislados de humidiicadores, equipos de ventilación, hojas de laringoscopio, cortinas, piel del personal de salud, colchones, cojines y otros equipos. Sus factores de virulencia no han sido dilucidados en totalidad, entre ellos se encuentran proteína de membrana externa OmpaA, lipopolisacáridos y polisacáridos capsulares, vesículas de membrana externa, fosfolipasa C y D y alteración de las proteínas de unión de penicilina. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas, principalmente en entorno asociado a cuidado de la salud. Sus mecanismo de resistencia son múltiples, los cuales se agrupan en tres categorías: enzimas inactivadoras de antimicrobianos, limitación del acceso a las dianas bacterianas y mutaciones que alteran las dianas o funciones celulares. Los carbapenémicos aún son considerados como agentes de elección para las infecciones graves por A. Baumannii, con opciones terapeuticas adicionales como sulbactam, tobramicina, amikacina, tigeciclina, minociclina, doxiciclina y colistina. Investigadores han reportado interrupción de la transmisión de A. baumannii posterior al reforzamiento de medidas para prevención y control de infecciones, tales como higiene de manos, uso de métodos de barrera (tapabocas, guantes, entre otros) y exhaustiva limpieza y desinfección del ambiente hospitalario. En otros casos la transmisión es más difícil de interrumpir, requiriendo aislamiento de pacientes, asignación de personal asistencial para vigilancia, cultivos de vigilancia activa y cierre de las unidades. Conclusiones: consideramos primordial el manejo de los pacientes de acuerdo a la localización de la infección y el patrón de resistencia presente en las cepas de la unidad en particular. Es importante la creación de protocolos institucionales con escalones terapéuticos, considerando el sitio de la infección, gravedad del paciente, sensibilidad de la cepa propia de cada institución y el uso previo de antibióticos. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):113-35.Palabras clave: Acinetobacter Baumannii. Bacterias Gramnegativas. Epidemiologia. Factores de riesgo. Farmacorresistencia bacteriana.Virulencia

Economic behavior of fishers under climate-related uncertainty: results from field experiments in Mexico and Colombia

This paper presents the results of economic experiments run among fishermen from the Mexican and Colombian Pacific. The experimental design aims at studying behavior under uncertainty concerning the possible effects of climate change on fisheries. We find that subjects’ risk-aversion diminishes the level of catches and changes fishing practices (e.g. adopting marine reserves), provided that fishermen have ex ante information on possible climatic consequences. Furthermore, social preferences (e.g. for cooperation and reciprocity) also play an important role regarding extraction from common-pool resources. Other factors, such as income, gender and religion are also found to have some influence. These results have important implications for adaptation actions and the management of coastal fisheries

Global and national Burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013

Importance The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce. Objective To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study. Evidence Review Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14 244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35 620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates. Findings Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905 059 deaths; 95% UI, 810 304-998 125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38 325 deaths; 95% UI, 30 365-47 678), and road injuries among adolescents (115 186 deaths; 95% UI, 105 185-124 870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world’s deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world’s diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. Conclusions and Relevance Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

BACKGROUND: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration. METHODS: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets. FINDINGS: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990. INTERPRETATION: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

La investigación formativa en ciencias empresariales: .Experiencias de investigación formativa POLIPIF

El material propuesto en el libro resume gran parte de la calidad de los trabajos presentados y la evolución en el desarrollo de las capacidades de los estudiantes en un contexto actual, complejo y retador, que refleja la realidad de las organizaciones actuales sobre escenarios estratégicos y manejo de situaciones complejas, para que, cuando lleguen a ser empleados o emprendedores, sepan afrontar cada paso hacia el cambio