Les maîtres du "reste" (la quête de l'équilibre dans les conceptions et les pratiques thérapeutiques en Arakan (Birmanie))

À partir de l étude ethnographique de la maladie en milieu arakanais, cette thèse réfléchit sur le rapport individu-cosmos et sur le caractère pluriel, hybride et intégrateur de ce rapport. Une telle approche, innovatrice pour la Birmanie, s éloigne de toute catégorisation et suggère en revanche que la médecine locale, la médecine d origine occidentale, le bouddhisme Theravāda, l astrologie, etc. forment un seul et même système de conceptualisation et de maîtrise de l état de santé comme fruit du rapport au cosmos. La problématique développée s appuie sur le postulat selon lequel la cohérence structurelle de l ensemble de son hybridité et de sa souplesse réside dans le fait que les composantes sont liées entre elles par des rapports hiérarchiques et complémentaires. La hiérarchie, visible principalement dans l hégémonie du référent bouddhique, est nuancée par le fait qu aucune composante, y compris le bouddhisme, ne se suffit à elle même ; il y a toujours des restes qui échappent et qu il revient à d autres composantes de concevoir ou de gérer. Quant au caractère intégrateur du système, il est ici montré à travers l exemple de la biomédecine dont l intégration n a été rendu possible qu à travers de nécessaires adaptions du système lui-même. La thèse est organisée en cinq parties : la première est dédiée aux conceptions de la maladie ; la seconde partie est consacrée aux approches mises en œuvre par les villageois en vue de maintenir l équilibre à tous les niveaux ; les troisième et quatrième parties portent sur la diversité des thérapeutes, de leurs formations et de leurs pratiques aussi bien en termes de prévention que de soin et de leur statut social ; la cinquième et dernière partie est quant à elle consacrée aux itinéraires multiples et complexes des malades.Based on the author s personal ethnographic research on sickness-related conceptions and practices in an Arakanese context, this thesis examines the relationship between the individual and the cosmos with particular emphasis on the plural, hybrid and integrating nature of such relationship.This approach, rejecting any form of categorisation, represents an innovation in the context of Burma and suggests that both Burmese and Western medicine, as well as Buddhism, astrology, spirit cult, etc. form a single system of conceptualisation and management of the state of health as a fruit of the relationship with the cosmos. The central point of this structure its hybridity and plasticity relies on the fact that the links between the various components are hierarchical and complementary. The hierarchy, notably the hegemony of Buddhism at various levels (conceptual, practical and of values) is counterbalanced by the fact that no component is enough to cope with all factors; there is always something missing, a remainder that other components can conceive and manage. The integrative nature of the system is showed through the example of western medicine, whose integration has produced some changes in the previous system.This thesis is structured in five parts : the first part is dedicated to sickness related conceptions, the second one to the practices the villagers rely upon in order to maintain the balance at all levels, while the third and the forth parts examine different kind of healers, their trainings, their (preventive and healing) practices and their social status; finally in the last one, health seeking behaviours of sick people are discussed.AIX-MARSEILLE1-Bib.electronique (130559902) / SudocSudocFranceF

A Global Index for Mapping the Exposure of Water Resources to Wildfire

Wildfires are keystone components of natural disturbance regimes that maintain ecosystem structure and functions, such as the hydrological cycle, in many parts of the world. Consequently, critical surface freshwater resources can be exposed to post-fire effects disrupting their quantity, quality and regularity. Although well studied at the local scale, the potential extent of these effects has not been examined at the global scale. We take the first step toward a global assessment of the wildfire water risk (WWR) by presenting a spatially explicit index of exposure. Several variables related to fire activity and water availability were identified and normalized for use as exposure indicators. Additive aggregation of those indicators was then carried out according to their individual weight. The resulting index shows the greatest exposure risk in the tropical wet and dry forests. Intermediate exposure is indicated in mountain ranges and dry shrublands, whereas the lowest index scores are mostly associated with high latitudes. We believe that such an approach can provide important insights for water security by guiding global freshwater resource preservation.Keywords: wildfire hazard, global index, water security, water resources exposure, wildfire water ris

Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply

2020 is the year of wildfire records. California experienced its three largest fires early in its fire season. The Pantanal, the largest wetland on the planet, burned over 20% of its surface. More than 18 million hectares of forest and bushland burned during the 2019–2020 fire season in Australia, killing 33 people, destroying nearly 2500 homes, and endangering many endemic species. The direct cost of damages is being counted in dozens of billion dollars, but the indirect costs on water‐related ecosystem services and benefits could be equally expensive, with impacts lasting for decades. In Australia, the extreme precipitation (“200 mm day −1 in several location”) that interrupted the catastrophic wildfire season triggered a series of watershed effects from headwaters to areas downstream. The increased runoff and erosion from burned areas disrupted water supplies in several locations. These post‐fire watershed hazards via source water contamination, flash floods, and mudslides can represent substantial, systemic long‐term risks to drinking water production, aquatic life, and socio‐economic activity. Scenarios similar to the recent event in Australia are now predicted to unfold in the Western USA. This is a new reality that societies will have to live with as uncharted fire activity, water crises, and widespread human footprint collide all‐around of the world. Therefore, we advocate for a more proactive approach to wildfire‐watershed risk governance in an effort to advance and protect water security. We also argue that there is no easy solution to reducing this risk and that investments in both green (i.e., natural) and grey (i.e., built) infrastructure will be necessary. Further, we propose strategies to combine modern data analytics with existing tools for use by water and land managers worldwide to leverage several decades worth of data and knowledge on post‐fire hydrology

Assessing water contamination risk from vegetation fires: Challenges, opportunities and a framework for progress

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio