Composting process evaluation of two mixtures of poultry manures

Los residuos del sector avícola, principalmente guano (aves ponedoras) y cama de parrilleros (aves de engorde), pueden generar un impacto negativo en el ambiente contribuyendo a la contaminación de suelo, agua y aire. La estabilización aeróbica a través del compostaje es una alternativa de tratamiento para reducir la contaminación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el proceso de compostaje en dos mezclas con diferentes porcentajes de residuos avícolas (guano de aves ponedoras y cama de pollos parrilleros). Se compostaron dos mezclas que contenían 81% y 70% de residuos avícolas durante 16 semanas. Las variables analizadas fueron: temperatura (T°), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), humedad (H), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), carbono orgánico total (COT), amonio (NH4+), nitrato (NO3 - ), nitrógeno total (NT ) y carbono soluble (CS). Las características finales de los compost A y B fueron: pH 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS. cm- 1), COT 14,8 - 17,9 %, NT 0,97 - 0,88 %, NH4 + 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3-552,3 - 543,0 mg kg-1 respectivamente. El proceso de compostaje podría ser una herramienta para estabilizar los residuos avícolas minimizando su impacto en el ambiente.Chicken production wastes, principally poultry manure (layers) and litter (from chickens for fattening), may impact negatively on the environment, contributing to soil, water and air pollution. Aerobic stabilization through composting is an alternative to reduce contamination. This study aims to evaluate the composting process in two mixtures with different percentages of poultry manure of laying chickens and broiler poultry litter. Two mixtures were composted containing 81% and 70% of poultry wastes for 16 weeks. The analytical parameters were: temperature (T°), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), humidity (H), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), amonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3- ), total nitrogen (TN), soluble carbon soluble (SC) were determined in each treatment. The final compost A and B characteristics were 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS.cm-1), COT 14,8 - 17,9%, NT 0.97 - 0.88%, NH4+ 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3 - 552,3 -543,0 mg kg-1 respectively. The composting process may be a tool to stabilize poultry wastes, minimizing its environmental damage.Fil: Riera, Nicolás I.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Della Torre, Virginia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Rizzo, Pedro F.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Butti, Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Bressan, Fabiana M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Zarate, Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Weigandt, Cristian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola.Fil: Crespo, Diana Elvira. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar (Buenos Aires). Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola

Evaluación de un implemento mecánico que permite airear pilas de compostaje

Se desarrolló una herramienta tipo reja que permite mecanizar la aireación de pilas de compostaje. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la labor del implemento respecto de una máquina volteadora de compost y evaluar la composición del producto final obtenido. Durante el compostaje se monitorizó la evolución de parámetros físico-químicos, determinándose además la estabilidad y madurez del compost terminado. Las pilas aireadas con máquina volteadora alcanzaron temperaturas significativamente mayores; sin embargo las aireadas con reja lograron estabilidad térmica en el mismo tiempo. No se presentaron diferencias respecto de humedad, materia orgánica, salinidad, pH y nutrientes. Los índices de madurez y estabilidad fueron similares. La máquina volteadora posee una capacidad de trabajo cuatro veces superior a la de la reja, aunque requiere mayor demanda de potencia de tracción y una inversión inicial veinte veces mayor. La aireación con reja puede ser fácilmente apropiable por parte de agricultores de pequeña escala.An agronomic tool in form of a blade was developed. It allows the mechanization of aeration in compost piles. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of this implement comparing with a compost turning machine, and to assess the composition of the final product. A monitoring of physicochemical parameters during composting, maturity and stability of the finished compost was performed. Aerated piles with turning machine achieved significantly higher temperatures; however windrows aerated with the blade reached thermal balance at the same time. Moisture, organic matter, salinity, pH, nutrients, maturity and stability indexes of the final product were similar for both turning methods. The turning machine has four times higher work capacity, but requires greater tractor power and twenty times higher initial investment than the blade. Compost piles aeration with the blade can be easily appropriated by small farmers.Eje A1 Sistemas de producción de base agroecológica (Trabajos científicos).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Evaluación de un implemento mecánico que permite airear pilas de compostaje

Se desarrolló una herramienta tipo reja que permite mecanizar la aireación de pilas de compostaje. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar la labor del implemento respecto de una máquina volteadora de compost y evaluar la composición del producto final obtenido. Durante el compostaje se monitorizó la evolución de parámetros físico-químicos, determinándose además la estabilidad y madurez del compost terminado. Las pilas aireadas con máquina volteadora alcanzaron temperaturas significativamente mayores; sin embargo las aireadas con reja lograron estabilidad térmica en el mismo tiempo. No se presentaron diferencias respecto de humedad, materia orgánica, salinidad, pH y nutrientes. Los índices de madurez y estabilidad fueron similares. La máquina volteadora posee una capacidad de trabajo cuatro veces superior a la de la reja, aunque requiere mayor demanda de potencia de tracción y una inversión inicial veinte veces mayor. La aireación con reja puede ser fácilmente apropiable por parte de agricultores de pequeña escala.An agronomic tool in form of a blade was developed. It allows the mechanization of aeration in compost piles. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of this implement comparing with a compost turning machine, and to assess the composition of the final product. A monitoring of physicochemical parameters during composting, maturity and stability of the finished compost was performed. Aerated piles with turning machine achieved significantly higher temperatures; however windrows aerated with the blade reached thermal balance at the same time. Moisture, organic matter, salinity, pH, nutrients, maturity and stability indexes of the final product were similar for both turning methods. The turning machine has four times higher work capacity, but requires greater tractor power and twenty times higher initial investment than the blade. Compost piles aeration with the blade can be easily appropriated by small farmers.Eje A1 Sistemas de producción de base agroecológica (Trabajos científicos).Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Evaluación del proceso de compostaje de dos mezclas de residuos avícolas

Chicken production wastes, principally poultry manure (layers) and litter (from chickens for fattening), may impact negatively on the environment, contributing to soil, water and air pollution. Aerobic stabilization through composting is an alternative to reduce contamination. This study aims to evaluate the composting process in two mixtures with different percentages of poultry manure of laying chickens and broiler poultry litter. Two mixtures were composted containing 81% and 70% of poultry wastes for 16 weeks. The analytical parameters were: temperature (T°), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), humidity (H), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), amonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3- ), total nitrogen (TN), soluble carbon soluble (SC) were determined in each treatment. The final compost A and B characteristics were 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS.cm-1), COT 14,8 - 17,9%, NT 0.97 - 0.88%, NH4+ 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3 - 552,3 -543,0 mg kg-1 respectively. The composting process may be a tool to stabilize poultry wastes, minimizing its environmental damage.Los residuos del sector avícola, principalmente guano (aves ponedoras) y cama de parrilleros (aves de engorde), pueden generar un impacto negativo en el ambiente contribuyendo a la contaminación de suelo, agua y aire. La estabilización aeróbica a través del compostaje es una alternativa de tratamiento para reducir la contaminación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el proceso de compostaje en dos mezclas con diferentes porcentajes de residuos avícolas (guano de aves ponedoras y cama de pollos parrilleros). Se compostaron dos mezclas que contenían 81% y 70% de residuos avícolas durante 16 semanas. Las variables analizadas fueron: temperatura (T°), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), humedad (H), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), carbono orgánico total (COT), amonio (NH4+), nitrato (NO3 - ), nitrógeno total (NT ) y carbono soluble (CS). Las características finales de los compost A y B fueron: pH 7,1 - 6,8, CE 3,3 - 2,9 (mS. cm- 1), COT 14,8 - 17,9 %, NT 0,97 - 0,88 %, NH4 + 501 - 144,9 mg kg-1, NO3-552,3 - 543,0 mg kg-1 respectivamente. El proceso de compostaje podría ser una herramienta para estabilizar los residuos avícolas minimizando su impacto en el ambiente

Simplified Models for LHC New Physics Searches

This document proposes a collection of simplified models relevant to the design of new-physics searches at the LHC and the characterization of their results. Both ATLAS and CMS have already presented some results in terms of simplified models, and we encourage them to continue and expand this effort, which supplements both signature-based results and benchmark model interpretations. A simplified model is defined by an effective Lagrangian describing the interactions of a small number of new particles. Simplified models can equally well be described by a small number of masses and cross-sections. These parameters are directly related to collider physics observables, making simplified models a particularly effective framework for evaluating searches and a useful starting point for characterizing positive signals of new physics. This document serves as an official summary of the results from the "Topologies for Early LHC Searches" workshop, held at SLAC in September of 2010, the purpose of which was to develop a set of representative models that can be used to cover all relevant phase space in experimental searches. Particular emphasis is placed on searches relevant for the first ~50-500 pb-1 of data and those motivated by supersymmetric models. This note largely summarizes material posted at http://lhcnewphysics.org/, which includes simplified model definitions, Monte Carlo material, and supporting contacts within the theory community. We also comment on future developments that may be useful as more data is gathered and analyzed by the experiments.Comment: 40 pages, 2 figures. This document is the official summary of results from "Topologies for Early LHC Searches" workshop (SLAC, September 2010). Supplementary material can be found at http://lhcnewphysics.or

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks