Análise das interações entre dados climáticos e o processo de desertificação no núcleo de desertificação de Cabrobó-PE, Brasil

This study assessed the dynamics of the Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the desertification hotspot of Cabrobó-PE using an approach that includes the space-time variation of environmental and climate data. To achieve this goal, the ArcGis software and the Google Earth Engine Platform were used. This platform combines a catalog of satellite imagery and geospatial datasets with planetary-scale analysis capabilities and makes it available for scientists, researchers, and developers allowing the detection of changes, map trends, and quantify differences on the Earth's surface. Results showed that forested areas decreased 54% between 2000 and 2016, being replaced by areas of bare soil and degraded areas. The degraded areas were characterized by higher land surface temperature (37.5% °C) and by an increase of 1°C in the period 2009 to 2016. The increase in land surface temperature may be associated with the water stress, which usually worsens in areas with a high degree of soil degradation. The combination of the information analyzed in the present study allows the monitoring of heterogeneous areas, identifying hotspots that require immediate recovery actions and the improved of soil management.No presente estudo avaliou-se a dinâmica das mudanças de usos e cobertura da terra no núcleo de desertificação de Cabrobó-PE, a partir de abordagem que inclui a variação espaço-temporal de dados ambientais e de clima. Para a execução do trabalho, utilizaram-se o software ArcGis e a Plataforma do Google Earth Engine. Essa plataforma combina um catálogo de imagens de satélite e conjuntos de dados geoespaciais com recursos de análise em escala planetária e os disponibiliza a cientistas, pesquisadores e desenvolvedores, o que possibilita detectar mudanças, mapear tendências e quantificar diferenças de alterações na superfície terrestre. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foi possível constatar que as áreas de floresta no núcleo de Cabrobó diminuíram 54%, sendo estas substituídas por áreas de solo exposto e áreas degradadas no período de 2000 a 2016. As áreas degradadas foram caracterizadas por apresentarem temperatura de superfície mais elevada (37,5oC), tendo aumentado em 1oC no período de 2009 a 2016. O aumento da temperatura da superfície pode estar associado ao estresse hídrico que tende a se agravar em áreas com alto grau de degradação do solo. A combinação das informações analisadas no presente estudo permite monitorar áreas heterogêneas, identificando pontos críticos (hotspots) que requerem ações imediatas de recuperação e implementação de manejo adequado

Educomunicação, Transformação Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Esta publicação apresenta os principais trabalhos dos GTs do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação nos temas Transformação social, com os artigos que abordam principalmente Educomunicação e/ou Mídia-Educação, no contexto de políticas de diversidade, inclusão e equidade; e, em Desenvolvimento Sustentável os artigos que abordam os avanços da relação comunicação/educação no contexto da educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável

Análise multitemporal do desmatamento na Área de Preservação Ambiental da Chapada do Araripe, PE

The study was conducted in the Araripe plasterer pole located at Piaui, Pernambuco and Ceara border, Brazil, with an area of approximately 10,000 km2. The region is experiencing an accelerated degradation process due to improper management of natural resources. Extensive areas of native forests are being cleared and used for energy production for the gypsum industry. In 1997, it was created the Araripe Environmental Protection Area (APA), in order to reduce and mitigate environmental degradation processes. The purpose of this APA was not to stop the activity in that region, but to adapt it in a sustainable manner, since the plaster pole is over an area of high vulnerability to desertification processes. The inappropriate use of natural resources in this region may intensify the environmental problems and accelerate the desertification process. Thus, the aim of this paper is to monitor the environmental degradation in the APA region during a period of 16 years, and evaluate if this region is been preserved since APA creation. To achieve the proposed aim we mapped deforestation and natural forest from 1990 to 2006 (one image every four years) using Landsat TM 5. We applied the Linear Spectral Mixing Model and we did a band ration between the resulting vegetation and soil bands which allowed a better identification of deforested areas. The results show that the deforestation had decreased since the APA creation and thus had a positive effect on the preservation of this vulnerable area.Pages: 6896-690

Influência das mudanças de uso da terra e da degradação do solo na dinâmica populacional do núcleo de desertificação de Gilbués (PI)

The semi-arid region of Brazil presents serious environmental problems. Among them, highlighted the accelerated soil degradation, which is the one which have an important contribution to the land desertification. Based on this concept, the objective of this study is to assess the impacts in changing the land use and evaluate how the land degradation/desertification influences the population dynamics in part of Gilbués city (Piauí state, Brazil) desertification nucleus. For this study, Landsat images, TM and ETM+ sensors and soil maps, developed by EMBRAPA, were used. Furthermore, demographic and socioeconomic data, aggregated by sector, were also considered. The land cover classes changes assessment showed that Cerrado area has decreased 9%, which is equivalent to an area of 550 km2. Cerrado was replaced by farming activities (5%, 315 km2) and desertified areas (4%, 240 km2). Concerning to the population, it has increased during the analyzed period. Urban sectors grew up from 7399 habitants per year, in 2000, to 19754 habitants per year, in 2010, with an increase of 62%. Rural population grew up in total of 20%, from 13660 habitants per year, in 2000, to 17468 habitants per year, in 2010. The results also present a decrease in the male population, aged between 35 and 39 years, which may indicate the migration of this group to other regions, seeking for better working conditions.Pages: 7687-769

Land use and land cover map of a semiarid region of Brazil for meteorological and climatic models

An updated vegetation cover and land use map over a semiarid region of Brazil has been produced at a 1 km spatial resolution, using satellite data and remote sensing techniques, for application in climate modeling. The map presents the location and distribution of major vegetation types and non-vegetated land surface formations for the Northeast Brazil Region, which includes the semiarid region. In this study, Radambrasil and IBGE vegetation maps, a digital mosaic of ETM+ Landsat 7, and TM Landsat 5 images from the period 1999-2000 were used. To update the map, the techniques of segmentation and unsupervised classification (ISOSEG) were applied. A total of 7 land cover and land use categories were mapped according to the "Simplified Simple Biosphere"(SSiB) model legend. This map shows that there has been a considerable increase in agricultural activities and pasture area. The vegetation in this region is an intricate combination of different life forms (e.g., trees and shrubs forming a closed cover) in this region. The semiarid region of Brazil is susceptible to desertification due to climatic and environmental conditions. This updated map should provide important input for regional stratification in climate studies

Avaliação do impacto da desertificação no ambiente e na população do Semiárido brasileiro por meio de uma base de dados geográficos

The Northeast Region of Brazil is strongly characterized by regional differences such as high rates of illiteracy, low income levels, migration to urban centers, social exclusion, among others. Besides cultural and economic differences, the region is affected by land degradation and desertification exacerbated by anthropogenic factors. Understanding landscape changes and how they affect the vulnerability of the population poses a scientific challenge, because these changers take place at wider spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, the development of a geographical database that can enable the integration and assimilation of bio-geophysical and socioeconomic information is crucial for understanding those changes. More important than the development of the tool is learning how to perform a joint analysis of the information generated. This paper describes the development of a methodology that generates an early drought and desertification warning system and analyzes the population's vulnerability to those changes, by integrating information related to land degradation. The goal is to enable analyses by decision makers allow the implementation of measures in areas where both processes are happening in a more intense manner.La región Nordeste de Brasil está fuertemente marcada por las desigualdades regionales que presentan altos índices de analfabetismo, los bajos ingresos, la migración hacia los grandes centros urbanos, la exclusión social, entre otros. Además de la desigualdad cultural y económica, la región se ve afectada por la degradación / desertificación de las tierras exacerbada por factores antropogénicos. La comprensión de los cambios en el paisaje y cómo estas alteraciones afectan a la vulnerabilidad de la población es un reto, debido a que estas alteraciones se producen en amplias escalas espaciales y temporales. Así, el desarrollo de una herramienta que sea capaz de integrar la información física, ambiental y socioeconómica en diferentes escalas y resoluciones es esencial para la comprensión del proceso. Más importante que el desarrollo de la herramienta es saber analizar de forma conjunta las informaciones generadas. De esta forma, este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir la metodología que se encuentra en desarrollo en el Sistema de Alerta Temprana contra la Sequía y la Desertificación – SAP, así como analizar, mediante el cruce de informaciones relacionadas con la degradación / desertificación de los suelos, la vulnerabilidad de la población frente a estas alteraciones. El objetivo es facilitar y agilizar el análisis de los tomadores de decisiones con el fin de permitir la toma de decisiones en las zonas donde se producen más rápidamente ambos procesos.A região Nordeste do Brasil é marcada fortemente pelas desigualdades regionais apresentando altos índices de analfabetismo, baixa renda, migração para os grandes centros urbanos, exclusão social, entre outros. Além da desigualdade cultural e econômica, a região é afetada com a degradação/desertificação da terra exacerbada por fatores antrópicos. O entendimento das mudanças na paisagem e como essas alterações impactam a vulnerabilidade da população é um desafio, pois essas alterações ocorrem em amplas escalas espaciais e temporais. Assim, o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta capaz de integrar informações físicas, ambientais e socioeconômicas, em diferentes escalas e resoluções torna-se essencial para a compreensão do processo. Mais importante que o desenvolvimento da ferramenta é saber analisar de forma conjunta as informações geradas. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa descrever a metodologia em desenvolvimento no Sistema de Alerta Precoce contra Seca e Desertificação – SAP, bem como analisar, por meio de cruzamento de informações relacionadas à degradação/desertificação do solo, a vulnerabilidade da população ante a essas alterações. O objetivo é facilitar e agilizar a análise dos tomadores de decisão de maneira a permitir tomadas de decisões em áreas onde ambos os processos estejam ocorrendo de forma mais acelerada

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data