Neuroprosthetic device for functional training, compensation or rehabilitation of lower limbs during gait

In this work, the novel and flexible H-GAIT NP for lower limbs training and compensation is presented. This NP is able to detect four subphases of gait cycle and provide configurable surface stimulation patterns at each subphase. The H-GAIT NP can stimulate 4 independent channels for each subphase, allowing to reproduce diverse muscle activation patterns that can be needed in different rehabilitation scenarios.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Resolved observations at 31 GHz of spinning dust emissivity variations in ρ\rho Oph

The $\rho$ Oph molecular cloud is one of the best examples of spinning dust emission, first detected by the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI). Here we present 4.5 arcmin observations with CBI 2 that confirm 31 GHz emission from $\rho$ Oph W, the PDR exposed to B-type star HD 147889, and highlight the absence of signal from S1, the brightest IR nebula in the complex. In order to quantify an association with dust-related emission mechanisms, we calculated correlations at different angular resolutions between the 31 GHz map and proxies for the column density of IR emitters, dust radiance and optical depth templates. We found that the 31 GHz emission correlates best with the PAH column density tracers, while the correlation with the dust radiance improves when considering emission that is more extended (from the shorter baselines), suggesting that the angular resolution of the observations affects the correlation results. A proxy for the spinning dust emissivity reveals large variations within the complex, with a dynamic range of 25 at 3$\sigma$ and a variation by a factor of at least 23, at 3$\sigma$, between the peak in $\rho$ Oph W and the location of S1, which means that environmental factors are responsible for boosting spinning dust emissivities locally.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

A evolução da ocupação do espaço marinho do litoral catarinense pela malacocultura (1995-2005)

A análise da evolução do processo de expansão dos cultivos de moluscos bivalves marinhos (malacocultura) apontou problemas de natureza diversa, dentre os quais se destacam o espacial e o ambiental, caracterizando a falta de efetivo planejamento para permitir que a atividade se desenvolva de forma adequada. Este trabalho procurou demonstrar como isto ocorreu no litoral catarinense no período entre 1995 e 2005, bem como algumas abordagens sobre as equivocadas estratégias adotadas para a ocupação do espaço marinho-costeiro catarinense e possíveis consequências destas práticas. Este estudo torna-se relevante, por avaliar aspectos relacionados à conservação da Zona Costeira, inserida na Constituição Federal Brasileira como Patrimônio Nacional, bem como pela dimensão que apresenta a malacocultura em Santa Catarina, principalmente se for considerado seu processo de expansão. Dados referentes a um Projeto de Planejamento para a atividade de 1995, de um posterior Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) entre os maricultores e o IBAMA, de 2003, e vistorias de campo nas áreas aquícolas do Estado, em 2005, foram comparados, fornecendo as informações geradas por este estudo. Em 2005, cerca de 506 ha do espaço marinho catarinense encontravam-se efetivamente utilizados pela atividade.

Simulation of the arterial elasticity influence on the Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index AASI

Recientemente se propuso un índice de rigidez arterial denominado AASI (Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index) derivado de mediciones ambulatorias de presión arterial durante 24 horas. Su asociación como índice de rigidez y la infl uencia estadística de la dispersión en los valores presivos continúa bajo discusión. Proponemos estudiar estas controversias en el contexto de un modelo estadístico. Se realizó una simulación con valores similares a los de pacientes de arterias normales, rígidas y compliantes, utilizando 3 curvas exponenciales presión-diámetro. Se generaron diámetros pulsátiles aleatorios siguiendo distribuciones normales y se obtuvieron presiones sistólicas y diastólicas en tiempos paramétricos equivalentes a 24 horas. Se calculó el AASI como uno menos la pendiente de la regresión de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. El AASI del grupo normal resultó 0,42, aumentó a 0,50 en el rígido y disminuyó a 0,34 en el compliante (siempre con r2>0,9). Disminuir la dispersión del rango de presiones provocó una disminución de r2 en la regresión de la nube de puntos de presión sistólica y diastólica, aumentando artifi cialmente el AASI. Por primera vez la elasticidad no-lineal de la pared arterial ayuda a explicar la asociación del AASI como índice de rigidez arterial. La simulación corrobora que la dispersión de los valores presivos condicionan el cálculo del AASI debido a su naturaleza estadística.Recently, an arterial stiffness index called AASI (Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index) calculated from ambulatory blood pressure measurements during 24 hours was proposed. The associations with arterial stiffness and the pressure dispersion dependence remain under discussion. We propose to study these controversies in a statistical model framework. A simulation was performed including values similar to the ones in patients with normal, rigid and compliant arteries. Three exponential curves of pressure-diameter were simulated. Based on diameters randomly generated following normal distributions, systolic and diastolic pressures were calculated in a 24h parametric time. AASI was calculated as one minus the slope of the regression of systolic to diastolic pressure. The AASI for the normal group was 0,42, increased to 0,50 in the rigid group and decreased to 0,34 in the compliant case (always r2>0,9). A dispersion decrease in the pressure values was followed by an r2 decrease in the diastolic vs systolic pressure regression, artifi cially increasing AASI. For the fi rst time the non-linearity of the arterial wall helps to explain the association of AASI with a stiffness index. The simulation corroborates that 24 h pressure variability conditions AASI values due to its statistical nature

Show your beaks and we tell you what you eat: Different ecology in sympatric Antarctic benthic octopods under a climate change context

Sympatry can lead to higher competition under climate change and other environmental pressures, including in South Georgia, Antarctica, where the two most common octopod species, Adelieledone polymorpha and Pareledone turqueti, occur side by side. Since cephalopods are typically elusive animals, the ecology of both species is poorly known. As beaks of cephalopods are recurrently found in top predator's stomachs, we studied the feeding ecology of both octopods through the evaluation of niche overlapping and specific beak adaptations that both species present. A multidisciplinary approach combining carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope signatures, mercury (Hg) analysis and biomaterials' engineering techniques was applied to investigate the beaks. An isotopic niche overlap of 95.6% was recorded for the juvenile stages of both octopod species, dropping to 19.2% for the adult stages. Both A. polymorpha and P. turqueti inhabit benthic ecosystems around South Georgia throughout their lifecycles (δ13C: −19.21 ± 1.87‰, mean ± SD for both species) but explore trophic niches partially different during adult life stages (δ15N: 7.01 ± 0.40‰, in A. polymorpha, and 7.84 ± 0.65‰, in P. turqueti). The beaks of A. polymorpha are less dense and significantly less stiff than in P. turqueti. Beaks showed lower mercury concentration relative to muscle (A. polymorpha - beaks: 0.052 ± 0.009  μg g−1, muscle: 0.322 ± 0.088  μg g−1; P. turqueti - beaks: 0.038 ± 0.009  μg g−1; muscle: 0.434 ± 0.128  μg g−1). Overall, both octopods exhibit similar habitats but different trophic niches, related to morphology/function of beaks. The high Hg concentrations in both octopods can have negative consequences on their top predators and may increase under the present climate change context.British Antarctic Survey for assisting in the collection of the specimens for this work. Many thanks to 3B's Research Group (University of Minho) and MAREFOZ who were responsible for analysing the physical properties of beaks and stable isotope signatures. A special thank you to our colleague José Queirós from MARE-UC (Coimbra, Portugal) for his suggestions and guidance. A debt of gratitude is also owed to Dr. A. Louise Allcock (NUI Galway) for her useful guidelines. This work is an international effort under the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) associated programs, expert and action groups, namely SCAR AnT-ERA, SCAR EGBAMM and ICED. J.C. Xavier was supported by the Investigator Programme (IF/00616/2013) of the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) and PROPOLAR, and F.R. Ceia was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/95372/2013) attributed by FCT-Portugal and the European Social Fund (POPH, EU). This study benefited from the strategic program of MARE, financed by FCT-Portugal (MARE- UID/MAR/04292/2019). We also acknowledge FCT-Portugal through a PhD grant to J. Seco (SRFH/PD/BD/113487

The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium

[EN] Fruits and seeds are the major food source on earth. Both derive from the gynoecium and, therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that guide the development of this organ of angiosperm species. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is composed of two congenitally fused carpels, where two domains: medial and lateral, can be distinguished. The medial domain includes the carpel margin meristem (CMM) that is key for the production of the internal tissues involved in fertilization, such as septum, ovules, and transmitting tract. Interestingly, the medial domain shows a high cytokinin signaling output, in contrast to the lateral domain, where it is hardly detected. While it is known that cytokinin provides meristematic properties, understanding on the mechanisms that underlie the cytokinin signaling pattern in the young gynoecium is lacking. Moreover, in other tissues, the cytokinin pathway is often connected to the auxin pathway, but we also lack knowledge about these connections in the young gynoecium. Our results reveal that cytokinin signaling, that can provide meristematic properties required for CMM activity and growth, is enabled by the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) in the medial domain. Meanwhile, cytokinin signaling is confined to the medial domain by the cytokinin response repressor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE 6 (AHP6), and perhaps by ARR16 (a type-A ARR) as well, both present in the lateral domains (presumptive valves) of the developing gynoecia. Moreover, SPT and cytokinin, probably together, promote the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and the gene encoding the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3), likely creating auxin drainage important for gynoecium growth. This study provides novel insights in the spatiotemporal determination of the cytokinin signaling pattern and its connection to the auxin pathway in the young gynoecium.IRO, VMZM, HHU and PLS were supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) with a PhD fellowship (210085, 210100, 243380 and 219883, respectively). Work in the SDF laboratory was financed by the CONACyT grants CB-2012-177739, FC-2015-2/1061, and INFR-2015-253504, and NMM by the CONACyT grant CB-2011-165986. SDF, CF and LC acknowledge the support of the European Union FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES project EVOCODE (grant no. 247587) and H2020-MSCARISE-2015 project ExpoSEED (grant no. 691109). SDF also acknowledges the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole for a scholarship for the Gene Regulatory Networks for Development Course 2015 (GERN2015). IE acknowledges the International European Fellowship-METMADS project and the Universita degli Studi di Milano (RTD-A; 2016). Research in the laboratory of MFY was funded by NSF (grant IOS-1121055), NIH (grant 1R01GM112976-01A1) and the Paul D. Saltman Endowed Chair in Science Education (MFY). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Reyes Olalde, J.; Zuñiga, V.; Serwatowska, J.; Chávez Montes, R.; Lozano-Sotomayor, P.; Herrera-Ubaldo, H.; Gonzalez Aguilera, K.... (2017). The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium. PLoS Genetics. 13(4):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006726S131134Reyes-Olalde, J. I., Zuñiga-Mayo, V. M., Chávez Montes, R. A., Marsch-Martínez, N., & de Folter, S. (2013). Inside the gynoecium: at the carpel margin. Trends in Plant Science, 18(11), 644-655. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.002Alvarez-Buylla, E. 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Hidden Sylvatic Foci of the Main Vector of Chagas Disease Triatoma infestans: Threats to the Vector Elimination Campaign?

Triatoma infestans, a highly domesticated species and historically the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, is the target of an insecticide-based elimination program in the southern cone countries of South America since 1991. Only limited success has been achieved in the Gran Chaco region due to repeated reinfestations. We conducted full-coverage spraying of pyrethroid insecticides of all houses in a well-defined rural area in northwestern Argentina, followed by intense monitoring of house reinfestation and searches for triatomine bugs in sylvatic habitats during the next two years, to establish the putative sources of new bug colonies. We found low-density sylvatic foci of T. infestans in trees located within the species' flight range from the nearest infested house detected before control interventions. Using multiple methods (fine-resolution satellite imagery, geographic information systems, spatial statistics, genetic markers and wing geometric morphometry), we corroborated the species identity of the sylvatic bugs as T. infestans and found they were indistinguishable from or closely related to local domestic or peridomestic bug populations. Two sylvatic foci were spatially associated to the nearest peridomestic bug populations found before interventions. Sylvatic habitats harbor hidden foci of T. infestans that may represent a threat to vector suppression attempts