Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered <it>incertae sedis </it>in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.</p

UNA NUEVA ESPECIE DE TRINIBACULUM (MONOGENEA: DACTYLOGYRIDAE) PARÁSITO DE LAS BRANQUIAS DE ASTYANAX FASCIATUS (CUVIER, 1819) (CHARACIFORMES: CHARACIDAE) EN UN RÍO NEOTROPICAL, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

A new species of Monogenea - Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. is described from the gills of Astyanax fasciatus known as "lambari do rabo vermelho", sampled in the Paranapanema River, Jurumirim reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil. The new species is allocated to the genus Trinibaculum because it has a double ventral bar and dextro-lateral vagina. It is the second species (first species is Trinibaculum altiparanae) belonging to this genus that parasitizes the gills of the fish genus Astyanax. This monogenean is similar to T. altiparanae regarding the haptor structures and the bulbous distal vagina. However, Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. differs in having: (1) coiled male copulatory organ, (2) accessory structure shaped as tweezers, (3) absence of postmedian process in the ventral bar, and (4) hooks with depressed thumb. The phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Trinibaculum (Consistency index = 87%, Retention index = 80%, length = 16) based on 13 transformation series is (Trinibaculum rotundus, T. brazilensis, T. altiparanae, T. pinctiarum n. sp.). Such hypothesis corroborates current phylogenies of characiformes fishes. Moreover, this study includes a new identification key for the species of the genus Trinibaculum based in morphological characters.Una nueva especie de Monogenea Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. fue reportada parasitando las branquias de Astyanax fasciatus, conocido popularmente como "lambarí de rabo rojo", capturado en el río Paranapanema, reservatorio Jurumirim, São Paulo, Brasil. La nueva especie se asigna al género Trinibaculum por la presentación de una barra ventral doble y la apertura vaginal dextrolateral. Esta es la segunda especie, junto con T. altiparanae, perteneciente a este género que parasita las branquias de los peces del género Astyanax. Esta especie se parece con T. altiparanae en las partes del haptor y la presencia de la vagina distal con el bulbo, pero difiere por tener: (1) un órgano copulador masculino enrollado, (2) pieza accesoria en forma de pinza, (3) proceso posteroventral ausente en la barra dorsal, (4) ganchos con el pulgar deprimido. La filogenia hipotética de especies de Trinibaculum (Índice de Consistencia = 87%, Índice de Retención = 80%, longitud = 16) sobre la base de 13 series de transformación es (Trinibaculum rotundus (T. brazilensis (T. altiparanae, Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp.))). Esta hipótesis se corrobora con la actual filogenia de los peces characiformes. Además en este estudio se presenta una nueva clave de identificación para las especies del género Trinibaculum basada en caracteres morfológicos

Taxonomy based on science is necessary for global conservation

Peer reviewe

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Hemigrammus kuroobi, paratype, LBP 7074, 46.3 mm SL, showing light area between humeral blotch and midlateral stripe (arrow).Published as part of Reia, Lais & Benine, Ricardo C., 2019, A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 407-415 in Zootaxa 4555 (3) on page 410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/262454

A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil

Reia, Lais, Benine, Ricardo C. (2019): A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4555 (3): 407-415, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Hemigrammus kuroobi, paratypes. (a) LBP 7074, 12.2 mm SL; (b) LBP 7074, 14.4 mm SL; (c) LBP 7074, 17.4 mm SL; (d) LBP 7074, 19.2 mm SL; (e) LBP 7074, 26.9 mm SL; (f) LBP 7074, 30.0 mm SL; (g) MNRJ 51330, 33.8 mm SL; (h) MNRJ 51330, 36.0 mm SL; (i) ZUEC 17026, 38.1 mm SL; (j) ZUEC 17026, 40.9 mm SL; (k) INPA 57937, 45.0 mm SL; (l) LBP 7074, 48.0 mm SL.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Reia, Lais &amp; Benine, Ricardo C., 2019, A new species of Hemigrammus Gill 1858 (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 407-415 in Zootaxa 4555 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on page 412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.3.9, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2624546"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/2624546&lt;/a&gt

Moenkhausia restricta, a new species from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, northwestern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)

Soares, Nathália C., Benine, Ricardo C. (2019): Moenkhausia restricta, a new species from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, northwestern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa 4700 (4): 487-493, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4700.4.