34 research outputs found

    Pflanzenschonende mechanische Bearbeitung des Pflanzstreifens bei Kernobst und Alternativen: Optimierung der bestehenden Verfahren unter arbeitswirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten auf verschiedenen Standorten und Bodentypen

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    Weed control and cultivation is still a serious problem in organic pipfruit production. In a research project which has started in May 2004 cultivation and weed control equipment is tested in four different locations in Germany. The efficiency of the different machines in controlling the weed is as well acquired as possible effects on the fruit quality and the crop. After the first year with results statements to the efficiency can be made. The machines “Ladurner” and “Pellenc” are appropriate for cultivation and weed control in organic pipfruit production. No statements can be made about possible effects on the crop jet. These effects will become apparent not until three to four years of continuing the research projekt

    Konzept zur Reduktion der Regenfleckenkrankheit - Ermittlung von Parametern zur Biologie der Erreger unter westeuropĂ€ischen Klimabedingungen als Grundlage fĂŒr die Weiterentwicklung eines Prognosemodells

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    Ziel des dreijĂ€hrigen Projekts war es, SchlĂŒsselparameter der bisher unter europĂ€ischen Bedingungen nur wenig erforschten Regenfleckenkrankheit (RFK) zu erarbeiten. In den Regionen Altes Land und Bodensee dominierte in allen drei Versuchsjahren (2007 – 2009) ein und derselbe RFK-Erreger, Peltaster sp.. Weitere RFK-Erreger sowie der Erreger der Fliegenschmutzkrankheit (FSK), Schizothyrium pomi, kamen nur sporadisch vor und sind wahrscheinlich fĂŒr die BekĂ€mpfung der Symptome derzeit ohne Bedeutung. In beiden Regionen ist die RFK fast ausschließlich auf ökologisch bewirtschaftete Anlagen beschrĂ€nkt. Eine Besiedlung von Obstanlagen durch RFK-Erreger findet zunĂ€chst von außen statt, kann dann aber in den darauf folgenden Jahren durch endogenes Inokulum getragen werden. Fruchtmumien spielen eine Rolle als endogene Infektionsquellen. Umfangreiche Versuche zur PrĂ€zisierung der Infektionsbedingungen haben ergeben, dass eine Besiedlung der jungen FrĂŒchte bereits zum sehr frĂŒhen Zeitpunkt (T-Stadium, BBCH 74) und danach wĂ€hrend des gesamten weiteren Saisonverlaufs erfolgen kann. Die StĂ€rke der SymptomausprĂ€gung zur Ernte ist in erster Linie davon abhĂ€ngig, wie lange die FrĂŒchte den natĂŒrlichen Infektionsbedingungen ausgesetzt waren. Je spĂ€ter in der Saison Infektionen stattfinden, desto weniger Zeit haben die RFK-Pilze fĂŒr die Besiedlung und Ausbreitung auf der Frucht, so dass spĂ€te Infektionen i.d.R. nicht mehr zu starken Befallsgraden fĂŒhren. Zur AusprĂ€gung von RFK-Symptomen ist Blattfeuchte, auch in Form von Taubildung, ausreichend, jedoch wird die Symptomausbildung mit zunehmenden Niederschlagsmengen deutlich beschleunigt. Sind erste RFK-Symptome in einer Anlage sichtbar, verkĂŒrzt sich die zur Inkubation notwendige kumulative BlattnĂ€ssedauer von etwa 250 auf unter 150 Stunden. Die RFK-Erreger scheinen eine mehrwöchige Trockenphase unbeschadet ĂŒberdauern zu können. Apfelsorten zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in der AusprĂ€gung der RFK-Symptome. Die Ursachen hierfĂŒr mĂŒssen in weiteren Untersuchungen geklĂ€rt werden

    Identification of semiconductive patches in thermally processed monolayer oxo‐functionalized graphene

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    The thermal decomposition of graphene oxide (GO) is a complex process at the atomic level and not fully understood. Here, a subclass of GO, oxo‐functionalized graphene (oxo‐G), was used to study its thermal disproportionation. We present the impact of annealing on the electronic properties of a monolayer oxo‐G flake and correlated the chemical composition and topography corrugation by two‐probe transport measurements, XPS, TEM, FTIR and STM. Surprisingly, we found that oxo‐G, processed at 300 °C, displays C−C sp3‐patches and possibly C−O−C bonds, next to graphene domains and holes. It is striking that those C−O−C/C−C sp3‐separated sp2‐patches a few nanometers in diameter possess semiconducting properties with a band gap of about 0.4 eV. We propose that sp3‐patches confine conjugated sp2‐C atoms, which leads to the local semiconductor properties. Accordingly, graphene with sp3‐C in double layer areas is a potential class of semiconductors and a potential target for future chemical modifications

    Considerations and guidelines for import and export of ornithological samples from tropical countries

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    „BiodiversitĂ€t“ wird zunehmend als wichtige Ressource erkannt. Schutz, Zugang und nachhaltige Nutzung der BiodiversitĂ€t (genetische Ressourcen, Arten, Proben jeglicher Couleur) werden inzwischen auf verschiedenen politischen Ebenen verhandelt, was in international verbindlichen Rahmenwerken verankert wird. VerstĂ€ndnis von und Bewusstsein ĂŒber Genehmigungen zum Import und Export biologischer Proben ist von zunehmender Bedeutung fĂŒr Biologen, um Forschungsprojekte legal und zeitnah durchfĂŒhren zu können. Nichtsdestotrotz werden nach wie vor biologische Proben fleißig im- und exportiert, oft genug auch unter VernachlĂ€ssigung der Genehmigungspflicht aufgrund lokaler, nationaler und internationaler Übereinkommen, Gesetzen und Verordnungen bzw. auch schlichtweg mit gesetzeswidrigem Verhalten oder Verpackungen beim Transport. Daraus entstehende Schwierigkeiten können ernsthafte Probleme wĂ€hrend der Feldarbeit bedeuten, aber auch den Export verzögern oder zum Verlust von Proben fĂŒhren. Intensive rechtzeitige (Vorab-) Information bezĂŒglich gesetzlicher Voraussetzungen zum Import, Export und Transport biologischer Proben kann das Problempotenzial stark vermindern oder ganz beseitigen. Wir haben vier wichtige Faktoren identifiziert und fassen Informationen zu diesen Bereichen zusammen, die bei Beachtung die Genehmigungen und den Import in die EG vereinfachen können: (1) gute persönliche (auf gegenseitigem Vertrauen beruhende) Kontakte im Ursprungsland; (2) VerstĂ€ndnis und Einhaltung von allen relevanten Gesetzen und Verordnungen; (3) Zugang zu Informationen bezĂŒglich Genehmigungen, Verordnungen und Informationsverbreitung innerhalb der Forschergemeinschaft; und (4) Zugang zu einheitlichen und aktuellen Richtlinien zu Genehmigungen, Verordnungen und Gesetzen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, in Zukunft die Forschung von einigen zentralen Problemen im Im- und Export zu befreien und Probleme und MissverstĂ€ndnisse zu reduzieren.‘Biodiversity’ is increasingly perceived as an important resource. Conservation, access and sustainable use of biodiversity (genetic resources, species, samples) are negotiated at political levels, resulting in an internationally binding legal framework. Understanding and awareness of export and import permits for biological samples is increasingly important for biologists to perform research projects legally and timely. Nevertheless, some biologists still export and import biological samples in disregard of or non-compliant with national and international legislation, conventions, and regulations. Resulting difficulties may not only cause serious problems during field work, but may also delay the export, import or exchange of samples. Comprehensive a priori information regarding legal requirements helps to avoid or at least diminish potential problems. We identified four major factors facilitating export/import permits: (1) good personal (mutually trusted) contacts in the country of origin, (2) understanding and compliance with all relevant laws and regulations; (3) access to information regarding knowledge on permits, regulations and laws including their circulation within the researcher communities and (4) access to consistent and up to date regulations and guidelines. We provide information on key issues to assist research teams trying to reduce problems and misunderstandings

    Towards the integration and development of a cross-European research network and infrastructure:the DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub

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    To address major societal challenges and enhance cooperation in research across Europe, the European Commission has initiated and facilitated ‘joint programming’. Joint programming is a process by which Member States engage in defining, developing and implementing a common strategic research agenda, based on a shared vision of how to address major societal challenges that no Member State is capable of resolving independently. Setting up a Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) should also contribute to avoiding unnecessary overlap and repetition of research, and enable and enhance the development and use of standardised research methods, procedures and data management. The Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub (KH) is the first act of the European JPI ‘A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life’. The objective of DEDIPAC is to contribute to improving understanding of the determinants of dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. DEDIPAC KH is a multi-disciplinary consortium of 46 consortia and organisations supported by joint programming grants from 12 countries across Europe. The work is divided into three thematic areas: (I) assessment and harmonisation of methods for future research, surveillance and monitoring, and for evaluation of interventions and policies; (II) determinants of dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours across the life course and in vulnerable groups; and (III) evaluation and benchmarking of public health and policy interventions aimed at improving dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. In the first three years, DEDIPAC KH will organise, develop, share and harmonise expertise, methods, measures, data and other infrastructure. This should further European research and improve the broad multi-disciplinary approach needed to study the interactions between multilevel determinants in influencing dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. Insights will be translated into more effective interventions and policies for the promotion of healthier behaviours and more effective monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of such intervention

    <em>CYP2D6 </em>genotype and adjuvant tamoxifen:meta-analysis of heterogeneous study populations

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    Genetic variation at CYP3A is associated with age at menarche and breast cancer risk : a case-control study

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    Abstract Introduction We have previously shown that a tag single nucleotide polymorphism (rs10235235), which maps to the CYP3A locus (7q22.1), was associated with a reduction in premenopausal urinary estrone glucuronide levels and a modest reduction in risk of breast cancer in women age ≀50 years. Methods We further investigated the association of rs10235235 with breast cancer risk in a large case control study of 47,346 cases and 47,570 controls from 52 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Genotyping of rs10235235 was conducted using a custom Illumina Infinium array. Stratified analyses were conducted to determine whether this association was modified by age at diagnosis, ethnicity, age at menarche or tumor characteristics. Results We confirmed the association of rs10235235 with breast cancer risk for women of European ancestry but found no evidence that this association differed with age at diagnosis. Heterozygote and homozygote odds ratios (ORs) were OR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.94, 1.01; P = 0.2) and OR = 0.80 (95% CI 0.69, 0.93; P = 0.004), respectively (P trend = 0.02). There was no evidence of effect modification by tumor characteristics. rs10235235 was, however, associated with age at menarche in controls (P trend = 0.005) but not cases (P trend = 0.97). Consequently the association between rs10235235 and breast cancer risk differed according to age at menarche (P het = 0.02); the rare allele of rs10235235 was associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk for women who had their menarche age ≄15 years (ORhet = 0.84, 95% CI 0.75, 0.94; ORhom = 0.81, 95% CI 0.51, 1.30; P trend = 0.002) but not for those who had their menarche age ≀11 years (ORhet = 1.06, 95% CI 0.95, 1.19, ORhom = 1.07, 95% CI 0.67, 1.72; P trend = 0.29). Conclusions To our knowledge rs10235235 is the first single nucleotide polymorphism to be associated with both breast cancer risk and age at menarche consistent with the well-documented association between later age at menarche and a reduction in breast cancer risk. These associations are likely mediated via an effect on circulating hormone levels
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