Acoso en el trabajo y dignidad de las personas: la lesión de derechos fundamentales en clave restrictiva: Comentario a la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional 81/2018, de 16 de julio

La Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional –STC– 81/2018, de 16 de julio, dictada por su Sala Segunda, siendo ponente de la misma la señora Roca Trías, ha venido a resolver el recurso de amparo número 2119-2013 interpuesto contra la sentencia dictada por la sección segunda de la Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia –TSJ– de Cataluña, número 909, de 28 de diciembre de 2012, la cual desestimó el recurso contencioso administrativo presentado por un funcionario policial en procedimiento de derechos fundamentales contra el Ayuntamiento de Canet de Mar (Barcelona). Esta sentencia revocó la dictada con anterioridad por el Juzgado Contencioso Administrativo número 11 de Barcelona. Por otra parte, el recurso de amparo se interpone igualmente contra el Auto de 13 de marzo de 2013 de la sección segunda de la Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Cataluña, mediante el cual fue desestimado el incidente de nulidad de actuaciones planteado por el demandante contra la primera de las resoluciones judiciales aquí citadas.La Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional –STC– 81/2018, de 16 de julio, dictada por su Sala Segunda, siendo ponente de la misma la señora Roca Trías, ha venido a resolver el recurso de amparo número 2119-2013 interpuesto contra la sentencia dictada por la sección segunda de la Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia –TSJ– de Cataluña, número 909, de 28 de diciembre de 2012, la cual desestimó el recurso contencioso administrativo presentado por un funcionario policial en procedimiento de derechos fundamentales contra el Ayuntamiento de Canet de Mar (Barcelona). Esta sentencia revocó la dictada con anterioridad por el Juzgado Contencioso Administrativo número 11 de Barcelona. Por otra parte, el recurso de amparo se interpone igualmente contra el Auto de 13 de marzo de 2013 de la sección segunda de la Sala de lo Contencioso Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Cataluña, mediante el cual fue desestimado el incidente de nulidad de actuaciones planteado por el demandante contra la primera de las resoluciones judiciales aquí citadas

Parejas de hecho del mismo sexo y derecho a la reagrupación familiar: Comentario a la Sentencia del TEDH de 23 de febrero de 2016, asunto Pajić c. Croacia, demanda núm. 68453/2013

En su Sentencia de 23 de febrero de 2016, el TEDH ha dictaminado que las leyes de extranjería de Croacia, en la medida en que no reconocen a las parejas del mismo sexo la condición de familia, violan el CEDH.Este pronunciamiento judicial puede tener una repercusión importante en el resto de países que forman parte de dicha Convención internacional, puesto que el alcance del fallo no apunta tanto en el sentido de que el citado instrumento en materia de derechos humanos obligue a los Estados a legislar sobre parejas de hecho o sobre uniones del mismo sexo, pero sí que establece la obligación de ofrecer protección a la parejas de hecho constituidas por personas del mismo sexo a fin de evitar todo trato discriminatorio en relación con ellas en comparación con parejas de hecho heterosexuales en determinadas circunstancias

La dimension transnationale du droit de grève et de l’action syndicale

La grève est le principal moyen de pression dont dispose la classe ouvrière. Historiquement, le but des mouvements de grève a toujours été d’obtenir de meilleures conditions de travail. Aujourd’hui, la grève prend une dimension particulière lorsque l’employeur n’est pas une structure productive appartenant à une seule entité, personne physique ou morale, mais fait partie d’une structure organisationnelle complexe. Dans ce contexte, les chaînes de production mondiales constituent le paradigme de la nouvelle économie, et la grève occupe une place de plus en plus grande lors des processus d’externalisation de la production. La théorisation de la grève au sens classique a été réalisée au vu de son développement sur le territoire national, son exercice étant régi par les systèmes juridiques de chaque État. Toutefois, face à la mondialisation de l’économie, cette réalité réglementaire propre à chaque pays est devenue totalement obsolète et dépassée. Les nouvelles structures commerciales ont considérablement changé, acquérant des dimensions supranationales ou transnationales en raison de la production économique à grande échelle. Par conséquent, de nouvelles formes de réglementation des grèves et de résolution des conflits du travail doivent être trouvées pour traiter les différends découlant du conflit entre le capital et le travail dans le cadre du droit du travail transnational.Strike action is the instrument of maximum pressure available to the working class and has historically been used to achieve improved working conditions. Nowadays, strike action takes on a special dimension when the employer is not a productive organisation made up of a single owner, whether a natural person or a legal entity, but rather a complex organisational structure. In this scenario, global production chains constitute the paradigm of the new economy and in them the expansion of the strike dimension in the processes of productive outsourcing is particularly appreciable. The theorisation of strike action in the classical sense has been carried out taking into consideration its development within the national territory, its exercise being regulated by the legal systems of each State. However, in the face of economic globalisation, this regulatory reality specific to each country has become completely obsolete and outdated. The new business structures have changed substantially, acquiring supranational or transnational dimensions due to large-scale economic production. Therefore, it is necessary to find new forms of strike regulation and labour dispute resolution that address disputes arising from the capital-labour conflict within the framework of transnational labour law

Sea Level Variability and Change

Land surface albedo represents the fraction of solar radiation scattered backward by land surfaces. In the presence of vegetation, surface albedo results from complex nonlinear radiation transfer processes determining the amount of radiation that is scattered by the vegetation and its background, transmitted through the vegetation layer, or absorbed by the vegetation layer and its background. Anomalies in mid- and high latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere result mainly from interannual variations in snow cover extent and duration in winter and spring. The large negative anomalies over the United States reflect the lack of snowfall and snowpack over the Rockies, the Midwest, and much of the eastern half of the country.JRC.H.7-Climate Risk Managemen

State of the Climate in 2012

For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near-or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7 N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 +/- 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified