IMPLICACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE MELANOCORTINAS EN LA REGULACIÓN DE LA PIGMENTACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO DE LOS PECES: PAPEL DE LOS ANTAGONISTAS ENDÓGENOS

Tesis por compendio[ES] El sistema de melanocortinas es un complejo sistema hormonal implicado en la regulación de diversas funciones fisiológicas. Todas las melanocortinas derivan de un mismo precursor peptídico denominado proopiomelanocortina (POMC), en el que están integradas las diferentes hormonas estimuladoras de los melanocitos (MSHs), la hormona adrenocorticotropa (ACTH), y el péptido opioide ¿-endorfina. Las melanocortinas señalizan a través de 5 receptores (MC1R-MC5R), con diferentes grados de especificidad hormona-receptor, lo que supone un buen ejemplo de su coevolución. El sistema de melanocortinas es el único sistema hormonal que presenta antagonistas endógenos: la proteína de señalización agouti (ASIP) y la proteína relacionada con agouti (AGRP). En mamíferos, ASIP actúa como un antagonista de MC1R. La modificación de la señalización del MC1R desequilibra la síntesis de pigmentos en el folículo piloso, potenciando la síntesis de feomelanina (pigmento amarillo-naranja) en lugar de eumelanina (pigmento negro-marrón). La expresión tegumentaria de ASIP es responsable del patrón de pigmentación dorso-ventral polarizado que tienen muchas especies de mamíferos. Esta polaridad puede observarse incluso cuando la especie presenta patrones más complejos. AGRP actúa como antagonista de MC4R, uno de los receptores de sistema nervioso central implicados en el control del metabolismo energético; a través de la regulación de la saciedad. Se ha demostrado que ASIP es capaz de antagonizar la actividad del MC4R, lo que no ocurre en condiciones normales, ya que ASIP sólo se expresa de forma local en el tegumento, y nunca alcanza el MC4R cerebral. En la cepa de ratones mutantes yellow [A(vy)/a], la expresión de ASIP queda bajo el control de un promotor de expresión ubicua que permite su síntesis en todos los tejidos incluyendo el cerebro, accediendo al MC4R central. El bloqueo/disminución de la actividad constitutiva del MC4R en esta cepa de ratones, disminuye la sensación de saciedad, aumentando los niveles de ingesta que conllevan una tasa de crecimiento, mayor pero también el desarrollo de obesidad. En los peces teleósteos los antagonistas endógenos del sistema de melanocortinas están duplicados debido a una tercera duplicación genómica (R3) específica de su rama evolutiva. Los cuatro péptidos antagonistas se identificaron inicialmente como ASIP1, ASIP2, AGRP1, y AGRP2. El principio de parsimonia asocia la expresión polarizada de ASIP1 en el tegumento de estos peces con el desarrollo del patrón de pigmentación dorsoventral que se puede observar en muchas especies y la expresión hipotalámica de AGRP1 con el control de la ingesta. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es demostrar la implicación del sistema de melanocortinas en la regulación de la pigmentación y el balance energético de peces mediante relaciones causas-efecto de sus antagonistas endógenos. Para alcanzar este objetivo, en primer lugar, caractericé los genes ASIP1 en dos especies de peces planos: el rodaballo (Scophthalmus maximus) y el lenguado senegalés (Solea senegalensis). La elección de este grupo de teleósteos se debe a la extrema polaridad pigmentaria dorsoventral que presentan los peces planos, las numerosas malformaciones pigmentarias que aparecen en cultivo, y a la carencia de secuencias génicas caracterizadas de ASIP1 de pleuronectiformes. Los experimentos demostraron que ASIP1 se expresa masivamente en la región ventral y apenas es detectable en la región dorsal. Además, los resultados sugieren que la expresión ectópica de ASIP1 podría ser la responsable del pseudoalbinismo observado en los peces planos de cultivo. En segundo lugar, desarrollamos una nueva línea transgénica de peces cebra (Danio rerio) (tgASIP1) que expresa el gen ASIP1 de pez dorado (Carassius auratus) de forma constitutiva. Esta expresión ubicua rompía la polaridad de la expresión de ASIP1 en el tegumento y, permitía que este antagonista[CA] El sistema de melanocortines és un complex sistema hormonal implicat en la regulació de diverses funcions fisiològiques. Totes les hormones melanocortines deriven d'un mateix pèptid precursor denominat propiomelanocortina (POMC), al qual estan integrades les diferents hormones estimuladores dels melanocits (MSHs), la hormona adrenocorticotropa (ACTH), i el pèptid opioide ß-endorfina. Les melanocortines senyalitzen a través de 5 receptors (MC1R-MC5R), amb diferents graus d'especificitat hormona-receptor, la qual cosa suposa un bon exemple de coevolució. El sistema de melanocortines és l'únic sistema hormonal que presenta antagonistes endògens: la proteïna de senyalització agouti (ASIP) i la proteïna relacionada con agouti (AGRP). En mamífers, ASIP actua com antagonista de MC1R: La modificasió de la senyalització de MC1R desequilibra la síntesi de pigments en el fol·licle pilós potenciant la síntesi de feomelanina (pigment groc-taronja) en lloc de eumelanina (pigment negre-marró). L'expressió tegumentària de ASIP és la responsable del patró de pigmentació dors-ventral polaritzat que tenen moltes espècies de mamífers. Aquesta polaritat és observable fins i tot quan l'espècia presenta patrons més complexos. AGRP actua com antagonista de MC4R, un dels receptors del sistema nerviós central implicats en el control del metabolisme energètic; en concret a través de la regularització de la sacietat. S'ha demostrat que ASIP és capaç d'antagonitzar l'activitat del MC4R, la qual cosa no succeeixen condicions normals a causa de que ASIP sols s'expressa en el tegument, i mai arriba al MC4R cerebral. En la soca de ratolins mutants yellow A(yy)/a a l'expressió d'ASIP resta baix el control d'un promotor d'expressió ubiqua que permet la síntesi en tots els teixits incloent el cervell, accedint MC4R central. El bloqueig/disminució de l'activitat constitutiva del MC4R en aquesta soca de ratolins, disminueix la sensació de sacietat, augmentant els nivells d'ingesta, produint un major taxa de creixement, però també obesitat. Als peixos teleostis els antagonistes endògens del sistema de melacortines estan duplicats a causa d'una tercera duplicació genòmica (R 3) específica de la seua branca evolutiva. Els quatre pèptids antagonistes en els teleostis foren identificats inicialment com a ASIP1, ASIP2, AGRP1 y AGRP2. El principi de parsimònia associa l'expressió polaritzada de ASIP1 en el tegument d'aquests peixos amb el desenvolupament del patró de pigmentació dors-ventral que es pot observar en moltes espècies; i l'expressió d'AGRP1 al hipotàlem amb el control de la ingesta. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesis doctoral és demostrar l'implicació del sistema de melanocortines en la regulació de la pigmentació i el balanç energètic de peixos mitjançant relacions causa-efecte dels seus antagonistes endògens. Per assolir aquest objectiu, en primer lloc, caracteritzaré ASIP1 en dues espècies de peixos plans: rèmol (Scophthalmus maximus) i el llenguado (Solea senegalensis). L'elecció d'aquest grup de teleostis es deu a l'extrema polaritat de pigmentació dors-ventral presenten els peixos plans, les nombroses malformacions pigmentàries que apareixen en en cultiu, i a la manca de seqüències gèniques caracteritzades d'ASIP1 de Pleuronectiforme. Els experiments demostraren que ASIP1 s'expressa massivament en la regió ventral i a penes és detectable en la regió dorsal. A més a més, els resultats demostren que l'expressió ectòpica d'ASIP1 podria ser la responsable del pseudealbinisme observat en els peixos en cultiu. En segon lloc, vaig desenvolupar una nova línia estratègica de peixos zebra (Danio rerio) (tgASIP1) que expressa el gen ASIP1 de carpa daurada (Carassius auratus) de forma constitutiva. Aquesta expressió ubícua trencava la polaritat de l'expressió d'ASIP1 en el tegument i, permetia que aquest antagonista accedira al MC4R cerebral. L'antagonisme competitiu d'ASIP sobre MC1R i M[EN] Melanocortin system is a complex hormonal system involved in the regulation of several physiological functions. All melanocortin peptides are encoded by the same precursor called proopiomelanocortin (POMC) that integrates the different melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs), the adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) and the opioid peptide b-endorphin. Melanocortin signals through five different receptors (MC1R-MC5R) with different specificity showing a good example of co-evolutiorary processes. The melanocortin system is unique because the presence of endogenous antagonist the so-called: agouti-signalling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein(AGRP). In mammal species, ASIP works as an antagonist of MC1R thus unbalancing the pigment synthesis in the hair follicle from eumelanin (brown-black pigment) to pheomelanin (a yellow-red pigment). ASIP is responsible of the polarized dorsoventral pigment pattern present in most mammalian species. This polarity can be observed even when some other colour patterns are present. On the other hand, AGRP works as an antagonist of MC4R, a central receptor involved in the regulation of energy balance, throughout the regulation of satiety ASIP1 is also able to antagonize MC4R. This interaction does not occurs in the regular situation since ASIP is exclusively expressed in the tegument as a local protein and never reach the central MC4R. In the yellow mutant mouse strain [A(vy)/a], ASIP expression remains under the control of the Rely promotor that allow ubicuosly ASIP expression, including the brain, thus acting on MC4R. Disruption of MC4R signalling decrease satiety sensing thus promoting food intake, obesity and increased linear growth. In teleost fish endogenous antagonist are duplicated thanks to a specific extra genome duplication (R3). The four antagonist are initially identified as AGRP1, AGRP2, ASIP1 and ASIP2. Parsimony principle associated the skin expression of ASIP1 with the ventral pigmentary polarity of many species and the hypothalamic expression of AGRP with the control of food intake. The main goal of this doctoral thesis in to demonstrate the involvement of the melanocortin system in the regulation of pigment patterns and energy balance in fish by means of cause-effect relationships of this endogenous antagonist. To reach this objective, firstly I characterized ASIP1 in two different flatfish species, i.e. turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and sole (Solea senegalensis). The selection of this teleost group is due to the extreme pigment dorsoventral polarity, the numerous pigment malformations in culture and the absence of characterized ASIP sequences in pleuronectiforms. The experiments demonstrate that ASIP1 is massively expressed in the ventral region and basically undetectable in the dorsal skin. Results also suggest that ectopic ASIP1 expression could be responsible of the flatfish pseudoalbinism. Subsequently, we developed a new transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) strain constitutively and ubicuosly overexpressing goldfish (Carassius auratus) ASIP1. The ubicuosly expression would break the dorsoventral polarity of ASIP expression in the tegumentum but also would allow reaching central MC4R. It would me allow to study at the same time the competitive antagonism on MC1R and MC4R and by extension the involvement of the melanocortin system in the regulation of pigmentation and energy balance. The experiments revealed that ASIP1 overexpression induces a ventralization of the dorsal skin by inhibiting the melanophore differentiation thus showing the existence of two differnnt pigment patterns. An ancestral dorsoventral pigment pattern on that the new stripped pattern is overimposed. Both pigment patterns are regulated in a different way since we can modify the dorsoventral pigment pattern without affecting the stripped pattern. In addition, the ubicuosly ASIP expression demonstrate the involvement of melanocortin system in the regulation of food intake and growth in fish. Food intakeLa presente Tesis Doctoral ha sido realizada en su mayor parte con los datos obtenidos gracias a la actividad desarrollada durante el contrato, como titulado medio de actividades técnicas y profesiones en el Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), asociado al proyecto “Mejora de la producción en acuicultura mediante herramientas de biotecnología” (Aquagenomics) (CSD2007-00002), dentro del convenio CONSOLIDER 2010, financiado por el Ministerio de ciencia e Innovación y coordinado por el Dr. Antonio Figueras. Además, también se han utilizado recursos y resultados de los proyectos “Activación del sistema central de melanocortinas en la lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax): implicación en los efectos del estrés sobre la ingesta” (AGL2007- 65744-C03-02) financiado por el del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion dentro de las ayudas del Ministerio a proyectos I+D y coordinado por el Dr. Jesús Miguez; y “Bases moleculares de la malformaciones pigmentarias en peces: Implicación en el cultivo de peces planos” (Incite09 402 193 PR) financiado por la Xunta de Galicia dentro del marco de ayudas a la Investigación Básica de la Xunta Gallega y dirigido por el Dr. Josep Rotllant.Guillot Miralles, RV. (2019). IMPLICACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE MELANOCORTINAS EN LA REGULACIÓN DE LA PIGMENTACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO DE LOS PECES: PAPEL DE LOS ANTAGONISTAS ENDÓGENOS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/134059Compendi

Diet-Related Metabolites Associated with Cognitive Decline Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomics in a Prospective Cohort

Scope: Untargeted metabolomics may reveal preventive targets in cognitive aging, including within the food metabolome. Methods and results: A case-control study nested in the prospective Three-City study includes participants aged &65 years and initially free of dementia. A total of 209 cases of cognitive decline and 209 controls (matched for age, gen- der, education) with slower cognitive decline over up to 12 years are contrasted. Using untargeted metabolomics and bootstrap-enhanced penalized regression, a baseline serum signature of 22 metabolites associated with subsequent cognitive decline is identified. The signature includes three coffee metabolites, a biomarker of citrus intake, a cocoa metabolite, two metabolites putatively derived from fish and wine, three medium-chain acylcarnitines, glycodeoxycholic acid, lysoPC(18:3), trimethyllysine, glucose, cortisol, creatinine, and arginine. Adding the 22 metabolites to a reference predictive model for cognitive decline (conditioned on age, gender, education and including ApoE-ε4, diabetes, BMI, and number of medications) substantially increases the predictive performance: cross-validated Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve = 75% [95% CI 70-80%] compared to 62% [95% CI 56-67%]. Conclusions: The untargeted metabolomics study supports a protective role of specific foods (e.g., coffee, cocoa, fish) and various alterations in the endogenous metabolism responsive to diet in cognitive aging

Nutrimetabolomics: An Integrative Action for Metabolomic Analyses in Human Nutritional Studies

The life sciences are currently being transformed by an unprecedented wave of developments in molecular analysis, which include important advances in instrumental analysis as well as biocomputing. In light of the central role played by metabolism in nutrition, metabolomics is rapidly being established as a key analytical tool in human nutritional studies. Consequently, an increasing number of nutritionists integrate metabolomics into their study designs. Within this dynamic landscape, the potential of nutritional metabolomics (nutrimetabolomics) to be translated into a science, which can impact on health policies, still needs to be realized. A key element to reach this goal is the ability of the research community to join, to collectively make the best use of the potential offered by nutritional metabolomics. This article, therefore, provides a methodological description of nutritional metabolomics that reflects on the state‐of‐the‐art techniques used in the laboratories of the Food Biomarker Alliance (funded by the European Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life" (JPI HDHL)) as well as points of reflections to harmonize this field. It is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to present a pragmatic guidance on metabolomic methodologies, providing readers with useful "tips and tricks" along the analytical workflow

Transient ectopic overexpression of agouti-signalliprotein 1 (Asip1) induces pigment anomalies in flatfish

10 páginas, 9 figurasWhile flatfish in the wild exhibit a pronounced countershading of the dorso-ventral pigment pattern, malpigmentation is commonly observed in reared animals. In fish, the dorso-ventral pigment polarity is achieved because a melanization inhibition factor (MIF) inhibits melanoblast differentiation and encourages iridophore proliferation in the ventrum. A previous work of our group suggested that asip1 is the uncharacterized MIF concerned. In order to further support this hypothesis, we have characterized asip1 mRNAs in both turbot and sole and used deduced peptide alignments to analyze the evolutionary history of the agouti-family of peptides. The putative asip precursors have the characteristics of a secreted protein, displaying a putative hydrophobic signal. Processing of the potential signal peptide produces mature proteins that include an N-terminal region, a basic central domain with a high proportion of lysine residues as well as a proline-rich region that immediately precedes the C-terminal poly-cysteine domain. The expression of asip1 mRNA in the ventral area was significantly higher than in the dorsal region. Similarly, the expression of asip1 within the unpigmented patches in the dorsal skin of pseudoalbino fish was higher than in the pigmented dorsal regions but similar to those levels observed in the ventral skin. In addition, the injection/electroporation of asip1 capped mRNA in both species induced long term dorsal skin paling, suggesting the inhibition of the melanogenic pathways. The data suggest that fish asip1 is involved in the dorsal-ventral pigment patterning in adult fish, where it induces the regulatory asymmetry involved in precursor differentiation into mature chromatophore. Adult dorsal pseudoalbinism seems to be the consequence of the expression of normal developmental pathways in an inaccurate position that results in unbalanced asip1 production levels. This, in turn, generates a ventral-like differentiation environment in dorsal regions.This research was carried out with the financial support of the Xunta de Galicia Science Program INCITE (Incite09 402 193 PR to JR) and Science and Innovation Ministry (AGL2010-22247-C03-01 to JMC-R and ALG2011-23581 to JR). Additional funding was obtained from the “Generalitat Valenciana” (research grant PROMETEO 2010/006) to JMC-R. RMC was recipient of a JAE-postdoctoral fellowship from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Peer reviewe

Stress and food intake in fish

31 p., 5 figures, 2 tables and referencesRepetitive aquaculture-related protocols may act as cyclic stressors that induce chronic stress in cultured fish. The sea bass is particularly sensitive to stressful conditions and the mere presence of humans will disturb feeding behavior. In this paper, we study whether chronic stress induced by repetition of acute stress protocols affects long-term feeding behavior and growth performance in sea bass and whether exogenous cortisol may induce stress-like changes in these parameters. We demonstrate that both chronic stress and dietary cortisol decrease food intake and have a negative effect on feed conversion efficiency, severely impairing sea bass performance. Both experimental approaches induced changes in the daily feeding activity by lengthening the active feeding periods. Fish subjected to a cyclic stressor modify their daily feeding pattern in an attempt to avoid interference with the time of the stressor. The delay in feeding when fish are acutely and repeatedly stressed could be of substantial adaptive importance.This work was supported by grants AGL2007-65744-C03-02, AGL2010-22247-C03-01 and CSD 2007-00002 from Spanish Science and Education Ministry (MEC) to JMC-R. Additional funding was obtained from the “Generalitat Valenciana” (research grant PROMETEO 2010/006).Peer reviewe

Iturbridge : un puente entre generaciones

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Melanocortin 4 receptor becomes an ACTH receptor by coexpression of melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2

Melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) is the only canonical ACTH receptor. Its functional expression requires the presence of an accessory protein, known as melanocortin receptor 2 accessory protein 1 (MRAP1). The vertebrate genome exhibits a paralogue gene called MRAP2, which is duplicated in zebrafish (MRAP2a and MRAP2b), although its function remains unknown. In this paper, we demonstrate that MRAP2a enables MC4R, a canonical MSH receptor, to be activated by ACTH with a similar sensitivity to that exhibited by MC2R. Both proteins physically interact and are coexpressed in the neurons of the preoptic area, a key region in the control of the energy balance and hypophyseal secretion in fish. ACTH injections inhibit food intake in wild-type zebrafish but not in fish lacking functional MC4R. Both MRAP1 and MRAP2a are hormonally regulated, suggesting that these proteins are substrates for feed-back regulatory pathways of melanocortin signaling. Fasting has no effect on the central expression of MRAP2a but stimulates MRAP2b expression. This protein interacts and is colocalized with MC4R in the tuberal hypothalamic neurons but has no effect on the pharmacologic profile of MC4R. However, MRPA2b is able to decrease basal reporter activity in cell lines expressing MC4R. It is plausible that MRAP2b decreases the constitutive activity of the MC4R during fasting periods, driving the animal toward a positive energy balance. Our data indicate that MRAP2s control the activity of MC4R, opening up new pathways for the regulation of melanocortin signaling and, by extension, for the regulation of the energy balance and obesity. © 2013 by The Endocrine Society.Peer Reviewe

Thyroid hormones regulate melanogenesis in zebrafish

Thyroid hormones regulate a wide spectrum oí functions in the fish physiology. Recent investigations have related thyroidal system with the regulabon of physiological color patterning in fish. Commonly, zebrafish embryos are treated with anti-thyroidal compounds, as phenylthiourea (PTU), to inhibit melanogenesis by blocking all tyrosinase-depending steps in the melanin synthesis. Similarly, tyrosinase gene expression is down-regulated alsoin ernbryos showing low intracellular triiodothyronine (T3) availability. Accordingly, exogenous T3 cause increased pigmentation in zebrafish embryos thus suggesting that thyroidal system can inhibit early larval pigment pattern in zebrafish. On the contrary, our experiments demonstrate that adult zebrafish fcd with T3-supplemenled diels exhibit asevere disrupbon of the physiological pigment pattern aHer 15 days. The stripped pigment pattern of the zebrafish was much less evident in treated anirnals. However, animals fed back with non-supplemented díets recovered fue regular stripped phenotypeafter 2 weeks. In order to characterize the molecular mechanisms, we analyze the expression oí genes involved in the differentiahon, mah¡ration and survival of the melanocytes as well as the genes involved in the melanin synthesis pathways. Treated fish displayed asevere down regulation oí the melanogenenic pathways. Therefore, 13 down-regulate the expression of sorne gene encod ing melanogenic enzymes but T3 effects are sex dependent. In addition, our results demonstrate a sexdependent expression of different melanogenesis-related genes.Peer Reviewe

Behind melanocortin antagonist overexpression in the zebrafish brain: a behavioral and transcriptomic approach

14 páginas, 11 figuras.-- Raúl Guillot ... et al.Melanocortin signaling is regulated by the binding of naturally occurring antagonists, agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) that compete with melanocortin peptides by binding to melanocortin receptors to regulate energy balance and growth. Using a transgenic model overexpressing ASIP, we studied the involvement of melanocortin system in the feeding behaviour, growth and stress response of zebrafish. Our data demonstrate that ASIP overexpression results in enhanced growth but not obesity. The differential growth is explained by increased food intake and feeding efficiency mediated by a differential sensitivity of the satiety system that seems to involve the cocaine- and amphetamine- related transcript (CART). Stress response was similar in both genotypes. Brain transcriptome of transgenic (ASIP) vs wild type (WT) fish was compared using microarrays. WT females and males exhibited 255 genes differentially expressed (DEG) but this difference was reduced to 31 after ASIP overexpression. Statistical analysis revealed 1122 DEG when considering only fish genotype but 1066 and 981 DEG when comparing ASIP males or females with their WT counterparts, respectively. Interaction between genotype and sex significantly affected the expression of 97 genes. Several neuronal systems involved in the control of food intake were identified which displayed a differential expression according to the genotype of the fish that unravelling the flow of melanocortinergic information through the central pathways that controls the energy balance. The information provided herein will help to elucidate new central systems involved in control of obesity and should be of invaluable use for sustaining fish production systemsThis work was supported by Grants AGL2013-46448-C3-3-R, AGL2013-46448-C3-1-R and AGL2014-52473R from the Spanish Science and Education Ministry (MEC) to J.M.C.-R J.M.M. and J.R. Additional funding was obtained from the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 2010/006). S.N. and R.C. are recipients a FPI-Chile and FPI fellowships, respectively, from the Spanish Science and Innovation MinistryPeer reviewe