移動, 紛争および人的資本形成について : ネパールの事例

政策分析プログラム / Policy Analysis Program政策研究大学院大学 / National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies論文審査委員: 田中 隆一（主査）, LEON-GONZALEZ, Roberto, 山内 慎子, 諸星 穂積, 不破 信彦（東京大学公共政策大学院

Migrant heterogeneity and education of children left behind in Nepal

This study investigates the causal impact of work-related migration of parents on left behind children\u27s education and investment on schooling. To isolate the direct impact of parental absence, we estimate the effects of parental migration and remittances separately. Using third round of Nepal Living Standard Survey and applying a two-step process to address selfselection into the migration statuses and correct for endogeneity into remittances, we find negative effect of parental absence and positive effect of remittances on education of children left behind. To further explore the heterogeneous impact of parental migration, we extend our analysis allowing the heterogeneity by educational status of mother. We find that the children of educated mother bear relatively less burden from parental migration. Furthermore, we find some evidence for heterogeneous effects of parental migration by child\u27s gender and age

A Review of the Economic Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Economic Policies in Nepal

This paper undertakes a descriptive review of the macroeconomic and microeconomic impact of COVID-19 and of the consequent lockdown imposed by the government in Nepal. The review shows that almost all macroeconomic indicators have either slowed down or become negative suggesting adverse effect of COVID-19 on Nepalese economy. Likewise, at micro level, the review shows that it has severely affected the household economy as well as the business firms. The effects are identified on health, education, food security and employment. At the firm level, the cost and unemployment have increased while the productivity, profit and income have decreased. This therefore calls for the concerted efforts on the part of all the stakeholders, more importantly the State to adopt a policy-mix that can adequately manage the health crisis on the one hand and the livelihood on the other, keeping in mind their long term effects on accumulation of financial, physical and human capital

Why Low Adult Immunization? An inquiry into the case of Hepatitis B Vaccine in the Peri-Urban Areas of Kathmandu Valley

We attempt to analyze the reasons to low adult immunization from the willingness to pay perspective in the peri-urban setting of Kathmandu Valley where some private health facilities had organized Hepatitis B Vaccine Health camps in the recent past. We reason the existence of regulated Hepatitis B Vaccine market in Nepal and thereby utilize an open ended question to assess the willingness to pay of an unimmunized adult. We justify the application of the two-part model in the study and further show that the socio-economic and demographic variables do not play significant role in explaining the low adult immunization except for age and employment. The result further reveals that people do not care to pay more for vaccination at present unless they apprehend the risk of suffering from disease with the disease specific symptoms or some history of chronic diseases. We argue that people exhibit time inconsistent - present biased preferences in immunization practices. The small preventive costs incurred to them on immunization today appear very large relative to the economic benefits realized tomorrow. There still exists asymmetric information so far as understanding the importance of the vaccine and its right/proper usage are concerned; a strong case of informing people to perceive vaccination as a preventive lifesaving shot thus becomes essential

Determinants of Poverty, Self-Reported Shocks, and Coping Strategies: Evidence from Rural Nepal

This paper assesses the interrelationship between poverty, climatic and non-climatic shocks, and shock coping strategies adopted by farm-based rural households in Nepal. An analysis is based on a comprehensive data set collected from 300 randomly selected households from three purposively chosen villages of Gandaki province. The study utilizes binary and ordered probit regression models to analyze the determinants of poverty, shocks, and coping strategies. Findings reveal that the Dalit (ethnic group), large-sized, and agricultural households are more likely to be characterized as poor. The study further shows that majority of the households are exposed to the severe shock of climatic types. Patterns of shock exposure vary with the household’s characteristics. In particular, poor households in the hills primarily dependent on forest for livelihood are more likely to experience severe shocks. Further analyses indicate that the households ex-post choose dissaving, borrowing, shifting occupation, and migration to cope with severe climatic shocks. The analyses also reveal that the nature of shocks, socio-economic, demographic, geographic contexts, and factor endowments effect adopting a particular coping strategy. Findings suggest household level-specific support should be provided to mitigate the effects of shock, and appropriate measures are taken to protect their means of living

Nepal's community forestry: critical reflection from the governance perspective

In recent decades, the role of community forestry (CF) has been to address the livelihoods of local people beyond its original objective of forest protection. Yet, there have been governance-related concerns, particularly the distribution of benefits among group members. We used a case study approach to better understand the CF model from the perspective of household satisfaction and benefit distribution at the local level. For data collection, we used multiple methods, including key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys. The study utilised the Henry-Garret ranking for analysing key elements of forest governance and a probit regression model for identifying the major contributing factors of satisfaction towards CF governance. Results suggested greater equity in CF governance and the empowerment of marginalised forest communities. Though CF has created new opportunities to consolidate forest users’ efforts toward provisioning broader environmental services, the system continues to favour elites and other influential groups in CF decision-making. The study suggests improving equity and introducing incentives to primary forest dependents. The additional incentives will not only help communities to adapt to the changing context but also increase their interest in decision-making, particularly for equitable distribution of benefits and local collective action.</p