DETECÇÃO MOLECULAR DE GRUPOS DE BACTÉRIAS FERMENTADORAS NO RÚMEN DE BOVINOS E BUBALINOS EM SANTARÉM-PA

The objective of this work was to detect groups of bacteria in the rumen content of buffaloes and cattle using molecular biology techniques. The samplings were carried out in the Fridge Mararu, in the city of Santarém-PA. Were collected 10 samples of ruminal fluid, being 5 to buffaloes and 5 of cattle. DNA extraction was performed according to the protocol of the Kit Brasílica based on silica. For the detection of bacteria, we used primers 16S L2 and 1472, AR and BR. It was used for PCR, a volume of 25 µl PCR kit Mix LGC 2X. The samples were run on 3% agarose gel stained with bromophenol blue and GelRed. The gel was visualized on a UV radiation. The primers used in the amplification of the region of the 16S rRNA gene was shown to be effective for the studies of detection of ruminal bacteria. It was observed the difference between cattle and buffalo, where the primers L2 and 1472 amplified in cattle the group of fibrolytic bacteria and in buffaloes the group of not fibrolytic bacteria. While the primers AR and BR amplified the group of not fibrolytic bacteria for cattle and the group of fibrolytic bacteria to Buffalo. The work of identification of ruminal bacteria in buffaloes is scarce, so the importance of the results found. There was a difference in the groups of microorganisms found in ruminants between buffaloes and cattle, and the type of primer used, showing the importance of the study of bacteria in the rumen. The study requires a larger approach, such as the sequencing of the DNA samples to better identify the species present within the different groups were detected. Other Molecular Biology techniques can be used for better accuracy of data found, such as the use of PCR in real time.O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar grupos de bactérias do conteúdo ruminal de bubalinos e bovinos utilizando técnicas de Biologia Molecular. As coletas foram realizadas no Frigorífico Mararu, na cidade de Santarém-PA. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de líquido ruminal, sendo 5 de bovinos e 5 de bubalinos. A extração de DNA foi realizada segundo o protocolo do Kit Brasílica baseado em sílica. Para a detecção das bactérias, foram utilizados os primers 16S L2 e 1472, AR e BR. Foi utilizado para a PCR, num volume de 25 μl, o kit PCR Mix LGC 2X. As amostras foram corridas em gel de agarose 3% corado com Azul de Bromofenol e GelRed. Após a corrida, o gel foi visualizado em radiação UV. Os primers utilizados na amplificação da região do gene 16S rRNA se mostraram eficientes para os estudos de detecção das bactérias ruminais. Foi observada a diferença entre bovinos e bubalinos, onde os primers L2 e 1472 amplificaram em bovinos o grupo de bactérias fibrolíticas e em bubalinos o grupo de bactérias não fibrolíticas. Enquanto os primers AR e BR amplificaram o grupo de bactérias não fibrolíticas para bovinos e o grupo de bactérias fibrolíticas para bubalinos. Os trabalhos de identificação de bactérias ruminais em bubalinos é escasso, por isso a importância dos resultados encontrados. Houve diferença nos grupos de microrganismos encontrados nos ruminantes entre bubalinos e bovinos, e no tipo de primer utilizado, mostrando a importância do estudo das bactérias presentes no rúmen. O estudo realizado necessita de uma abordagem maior, como o sequenciamento das amostras de DNA para se identificar melhor as espécies presentes dentro dos diferentes grupos detectados. Outras técnicas de Biologia Molecular podem ser utilizadas para uma melhor acurácia dos dados encontrados, como o uso da PCR em tempo real

Levels of organochlorine contaminants in natural bovine milk marketed in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Brazil

Analyzing the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) content in milk is relevantbecause it helps evaluate the quality of milk that reaches the consumer's table and also helps identify the geographical areas where there is a high possibility of contamination. Accordingly,thispilot project was aimed at determining the extent of contamination by OCP residues and their metabolites in fresh cow's milk in Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra, Pará, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The OCPs evaluated in this study weredichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (α, β, γ, and δ), endosulfanα and β, andendosulfansulfate. None of the thirty bovine milk samples analyzedshowed any contamination with OCPs.TheOCP content was within the limit of quantification of the method. The results of this study add to the existing knowledge on the quality ofbovine milk produced in these locations. However, further researchon other environmental matricesis required to confirm the results obtained in this study

ATRIBUTOS QUÍMICOS DE SUELO EN SISTEMAS DE USOS DIFERENTE, ITACOATIARA-AM, BRASIL

The use of soil to implement several management systems, such as agriculture, livestock farming and agroforestry activities contribute to the depletion of the soil and the forest, reducing or increasing the levels of soil chemical attributes, such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus and increase or decrease of active (pH) or exchangeable (Aluminum) acidity. This study aimed to evaluate macronutrients (calcium - Ca2+, magnesium - Mg2+, potassium - K+ and phosphorus - P), as well as aluminum - Al3+ and soil pH, under use systems: agroforestry system - SAFs and pasture - PA, comparing them to Primary Forest - PF, in the Rosenthal community in Itacoatiara-AM, Brazil. The soils were sampled in layers 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm deep, with samples composed of six single samples each. The distribution of nutrient contents (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , and P) considering the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers showed little variation, except for phosphorus, which obtained the highest concentration in the prospected layers. The distribution of calcium, magnesium, and potassium nutrients in the sampled soil layers decreased with depth. However, an inverse pattern was observed in the elevation of active soil acidity and aluminium levels. Soil macronutrients showed medium to high concentrations, with forest and SAFs as systems that preserve good levels of fertility.El uso del suelo para implementar varios sistemas de gestión, como la agricultura, la ganadería y las actividades agroforestales contribuyen al agotamiento del suelo y del bosque, reduciendo o aumentando los niveles de los atributos químicos del suelo, como el calcio, el magnesio, el potasio y fósforo y aumento o disminución de la acidez activa (pH) o intercambiable (aluminio). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los macronutrientes (calcio – Ca2+, magnesio – Mg2+, potasio – K+ y fósforo -, P), así como aluminio - Al3 + y pH del suelo, bajo sistemas de uso: sistema agroforestal - SAF y pastos - AP, comparándolos con el bosque primario - FP, en la comunidad Rosenthal en Itacoatiara, estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Los suelos se muestrearon en capas de 0-10 cm y 10-20 cm de profundidad, con muestras compuestas de seis muestras individuales cada una. La distribución del contenido de nutrientes (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ y P) considerando las capas de 0-10 y 10-20 cm mostró poca variación, a excepción del fósforo, que obtuvo la concentración más alta en las capas prospectadas. La distribución de nutrientes de calcio, magnesio y potasio en las capas de suelo muestreadas disminuyó con la profundidad. Sin embargo, se observó un patrón inverso en la elevación de la acidez activa del suelo y los niveles de aluminio. Los macronutrientes del suelo tienen concentraciones de media a altas, con bosques y SAFs como sistemas que preservan buenos niveles de fertilidad

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved