Chrysophyllum marginatum Radlk.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21537/thumbnail.jp

Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Engl.

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21536/thumbnail.jp

Health hazards of abattoir effluents discharged from the Sokoto central abattoir, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to determine the level of water pollution that can be attributed to effluents discharged from the Sokoto Central abattoir. Both surface and well water samples from the abattoir and adjacent wells were investigated to determine their microbial and physicochemical properties. Samples were collected from five different spots that include; effluents from the abattoir where visceral organs are washed (sample point A), two wells located in the adjacent livestock market (sample point B and C), drainage outside the abattoir (sample point D) and another well downstream the abattoir used for irrigation farming (sample point E). The values for pH, were 7.2, 8.0, 7.5 and 6.8 for all the sampling sites respectively. Similarly, the values of nitrate and BOD recorded were all within the acceptable limit except for point A which had nitrate (60.0 mgl-1) and BOD (26.8 mgl-1) above the acceptable limit. While the total coliforms, for sampling point A and D were found to be very high. There was a significant difference in the quality of water from the studied samples in comparison with the acceptable standard especially with respect to total coliform, BOD, COD, and nitrates. The findings from this study indicate that abattoirs have the potential to contaminate and pollute water sources which may produce a detrimental effect on the quality of groundwater despite the sieving process. Hence, measures should be taken to prevent locating abattoirs in close proximity to human dwellings. Similarly, for the existing ones encroached by human habitation, effective pollution control measures such as treatment of hazardous waste and minimizing the use of chemicals for industrial and agricultural purposes should be taken in order to preserve the quality of groundwater and minimize the potential resultant health effect caused by such contaminants. Keywords: Abattoir effluents, Health hazards, Sokoto State, Water quality, Waste wate

RESTAURAÇÃO CATÓLICA NO SUL DO BRASIL

O cenário histórico que começou a ser desenhado pelas novas correntes do pensamento como o iluminismo, o enciclopedismo, o liberalismo, o racionalismo, o socialismo e outras, a partir do século dezoito, colocou a Igreja Católica diante de um desafio gigantesco. As monarquias de direito divino, os regimes de cristandade e de padroado vão dando lugar aos estados laicos que, ou prescindem da Igreja, ou a ignoram, ou a hostilizam, ou a combatem abertamente. A resposta da Igreja foi a implantação do Projeto da Restauração Católica. O Projeto resume-se essencialmente no retorno da Igreja à doutrina, à prática e à disciplina do Concílio de Trento sob o comando único de Roma e do Romano Pontífice. As estratégias para implantá-lo vão desde a rejeição ao governo laico na França (ultramontanismo), o combate ao Kulturkampf na Alemanha que resultou na expulsão dos jesuítas desse país, como os agentes mais ativos da Restauração Católica, até uma coexistência produtiva, com o Estado laico, como foi o projeto de Restauração Católica do cardeal Sebastião Leme para o Brasil. A implantação do Projeto da Restauração Católica no Brasil, de modo especial no Sul, teve como agentes mais marcantes os bispos da Arquidiocese de Porto Alegre, desde 1848, com seus titulares: D. Sebastião Dias Laranjeira, D. Cláudio Ponce de Leão, D. João Becker e D. Vicente Scherer. Uma dezena de ordens e congregações religiosas, com destaque para os jesuítas, foram os agentes decisivos para o projeto. Abstract The historical context that began to be defined by new trends of throught, such as the Enlightenment, Encyclopedism, Liberalism, Rationalism, Socialism and others, since the eighteenth century, offered the Church great challenges. Monarchies by divine right, Christendom, and padroado systems little by little are being replaced by laic states that either dispense with the Chrurch or they ignore it, or present themselves openly hostile to it. The Churchs response to this state of affaires was the implementation of the Catholic Restoration Project. Essentially, it can be summed up as the Churchs return to the doctrine, practices and discipline by the Council of Trent under the sole management of Rome and the Roman Pope. Strategies to establish it span throughout the years and they go from the rejection of the laic government in France (Ultramontanism), the expulsion of the Jesuits from Germany, as the most active agents for Catholic Restoration, and even to a productive coexistence with the laic State, such as the Project of Catholic Restoration Project of Cardinal Sebastião Leme, in Brazil. The implementation of the Project of Catholic Restoration in Brazil, especially in the South, had as its most remarkable agents in the Bishops of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre, since 1848, namely: D. Sebastião Dias Laranjeira, D. Cláudio Ponce de Leão, D. João Becker and D. Vicente Scherer. Several religious orders and congregations, especially the Jesuits, were the decisive agents of the Project

Z-petawatt driven ion beam radiography development.

Laser-driven proton radiography provides electromagnetic field mapping with high spatiotemporal resolution, and has been applied to many laser-driven High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) experiments. Our report addresses key questions about the feasibility of ion radiography at the Z-Accelerator (%E2%80%9CZ%E2%80%9D), concerning laser configuration, hardware, and radiation background. Charged particle tracking revealed that radiography at Z requires GeV scale protons, which is out of reach for existing and near-future laser systems. However, it might be possible to perform proton deflectometry to detect magnetic flux compression in the fringe field region of a magnetized liner inertial fusion experiment. Experiments with the Z-Petawatt laser to enhance proton yield and energy showed an unexpected scaling with target thickness. Full-scale, 3D radiation-hydrodynamics simulations, coupled to fully explicit and kinetic 2D particle-in-cell simulations running for over 10 ps, explain the scaling by a complex interplay of laser prepulse, preplasma, and ps-scale temporal rising edge of the laser

In vivo assessment of the impedance ratio method used in electronic foramen locators

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The results of an <it>in vivo </it>study on the "ratio method" used in electronic foramen locators (EFL) are presented. EFLs are becoming widely used in the determination of the working length (WL) during the root canal treatment. The WL is the distance from a coronal reference point to the point at which canal preparation and filling should terminate. The "ratio method" was assessed by many clinicians with the aim of determining its ability to locate the apical foramen (AF). Nevertheless, <it>in vivo </it>studies to assess the method itself and to explain why the "ratio method" is able to locate the apical foramen and is unable to determine intermediate distances were not published so far.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A developed apparatus applies an electrical current signal with constant amplitude of 10 μA_RMSthrough the endodontic file within the root canal. The applied current signal is composed by summing six sine waves, from 250 Hz to 8 kHz. Data were acquired with the endodontic file tip at 7 different positions within root canals. In the frequency domain the quotients between the amplitude of a reference frequency and the amplitudes of the other frequencies components were calculated. Twenty one root canals were analyzed in vivo, during the endodontic treatment of twelve teeth of different patients, with age between 20 to 55 years.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For the range of frequencies used in the commercial EFLs and for distances ranging from -3 mm to -1 mm of the AF, the impedance of the root canal is mainly resistive. However, when the file tip gets closer to AF, the root canal electrical impedance starts to change from a mainly resistive to a complex impedance. This change in the measured root canal impedance starts when the file tip is near -1.0 mm from the AF, getting stronger as the file tip gets closer to the AF. This change in the impedance behavior affects the ratio (quotient) of the impedance measured at different frequencies. Through graphic analysis it is demonstrated why EFLs based on the ratio method are unable to accurately measure any distances between - 3.0 and -0.5 mm from the apical foramen. The only reliable measurement is the 0 mm distance, which is when the file tip is at the AF.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The electrical impedance values of 21 root canals were <it>in vivo </it>studied. The results confirm the ability of EFLs that are based on the ratio method to accurately locate the AF position and explain why they are unable to determine the file tip position along the root canal.</p

Relationship between Rheological Behaviour and Final Structure of Al

Using rheological parameters of ceramic suspensions, it is possible to taylor the structure of the ceramic foams produced by replica. This method consists in the impregnation of a polymeric flexible template (polyurethane foam) with a ceramic suspension (slurry) containing the appropriate additives, followed by burning out organic compounds and additives and sintering the ceramic structure. In this work, ceramic foams were produced by the replica method from Al2O3 and 3% Y2O3-ZrO2. Rheological parameters of the ceramic suspensions were investigated to improve the mechanical performance of final structures. Different types and quantities of raw materials were combined in order to select the formulations for ceramic foams. The parameters that have a significant influence on the process are the binder type and the amount of solids. Significant changes on the hysteresis area of the suspensions resulted in a lower density of macrodefects in the material. Likewise, when the shear rate viscosity is enhanced, the thickness of the struts increased proportionally. Lastly, when the hysteresis area magnitude and the ceramic thickness increased, the material with higher uniformity was internally densified, and the stress concentration of the internal defects was smoothe

Exclusive measurement of coherent eta photoproduction from the deuteron

Coherent photoproduction of eta mesons from the deuteron has been measured from threshold up to incident photon energies of 750 MeV using the photon spectrometer TAPS at the tagged photon facility at the Mainz microtron MAMI. For the first time, differential coherent cross sections have been deduced from the coincident detection of the eta meson and the recoil deuteron. A missing energy analysis was used for the suppression of background events so that a very clean identification of coherent eta-photoproduction was achieved. The resulting cross sections agree with previous experimental results except for angles around 90 deg in the photon-deuteron cm-system where they are smaller. They are compared to various model calculations.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Effects of Increasing Levels of Copper from Either CuSO4 or Combinations of CuSO4 and a Cu-Amino Acid Complex on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economics of Finishing Pigs

A total of 1,089 pigs (PIC 280 ×1050; initially 82.2 lb) were used in a 105-d experiment to determine the effects of increasing added Cu from either CuSO4 alone or a 50/50 blend of CuSO4 and Cu-AA (Availa®-Cu, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics of finishing pigs. All 6 dietary treatments contained 17 ppm Cu from CuSO4 from the trace mineral premix. Additional treatment diets contained added CuSO4 to provide 70 and 130 ppm total Cu or a 50/50 blend of added Cu from CuSO4 and Cu-AA to provide 70, 100, and 130 ppm total Cu. There were 25 or 26 pigs per pen and 7 replicate pens per treatment.Overall, added Cu above 17 ppm did not influence ADG; however, pigs fed 70 and 130 ppm added Cu from the 50/50 blend of CuSO4 and Cu-AA had decreased (P = 0.045) ADFI and improved feed efficiency (P = 0.048) compared with those fed 70 and 130 ppm of added Cu from CuSO4 only. Similar to the F/G response, pigs fed diets that contained CuSO4 alone had poorer (P = 0.030) carcass F/G than those fed added Cu from the 50/50 blend of CuSO4 and Cu-AA. Neither Cu source nor level influenced economics.In conclusion, these data suggest pigs fed diets that contained added Cu from CuSO4 alone consume more feed but have poorer feed efficiency which translates into poorer carcass F/G compared to those fed a 50/50 blend of CuSO4 and Cu-AA. Copper level did not impact growth performance. Based on our study, it appears that the 50/50 blend of CuSO4/Cu-AA optimized feed efficiency and carcass feed efficiency of pigs marketed on a constant time basis