Modélisation du diapir de Bakio (Pays Basque espagnol). Exemple d'utilisation de données LiDAR pour la modélisation en 3D de surfaces géologiques

The geological model of the Bakio diapir based on classical geological data (map, structural cross-sections ) have been improved with LiDAR data, which allows us to identify and build more accurate stratigraphie surfaces in 3D.Un premier modèle du diapir de Bakio basé sur des données géologiques classiques (carte, coupes structurales) a été affiné à partir de données LiDAR qui permettent d'identifier et de modéliser plus précisément différents surfaces stratigraphiques en 3D.Poprawski Yohann. Modélisation du diapir de Bakio (Pays Basque espagnol). Exemple d'utilisation de données LiDAR pour la modélisation en 3D de surfaces géologiques. In: Collection EDYTEM. Cahiers de géographie, numéro 12, 2011. Images et modèles 3D en milieux naturels. pp. 191-192

The Albian northern margin of the Basque Trough : sedimentary architecture and diapirism in a strike-slip tectonic setting (Basque Country, Spain)

L'objectif initial de cette thèse consistait à fournir un analogue de terrain de réservoirs pétroliers avec un modèle 3D des structures et de l'architecture des sédiments développés sur la bordure d'un basin étroit et confiné. La zone d'étude, située entre Bakio et Plenzia (Pays Basque, Espagne), appartient au fossé Basque, souvent interprété comme un basin en pull-apart. Nous avons focalisé ce travail sur le diapir de Bakio, sur les modalités de la montée du sel, sa chronologie et sur l'impact de la tectonique salifère sur sédimentation et la déformation des sédiments environnants. Un éventail sédimentaire composé de dépôts albiens, avec un amincissement vers le diapir montre la monté synsédimentaire du sel. Nous démontré l'existence d'une première phase de montée du sel réactive puis une seconde phase passive. La phase réactive est expliquée par l'extension régionale. Durand le stade passive, des séquences halokinetiques, qui résultent de variations entre la monté du sel et le taux de sédimentation, ont été formées. Nos données montre qu'une grande partie de la déformation est due à la rotation des flancs du diapir et non à un cisaillement significatif induit par la montée su sel. Nous avons aussi concentré ce travail sur les structures albiennes de notre zone d'étude. La comparaison avec l'ensemble du Bassin Basco Cantabrien montre deux stades d'activation des failles. De l'Aptien à l'Albien moyen, les nombreuses failles orientées NE-SO, largement distribuées,contrôlaient les plates formes urgoniennes et les fossés marneux associés. Quelques failles majeures héritées, orientées NO-SE contrôlaient aussi les dépocentres surtout dans la partie centrale du Basin Basco-Cantabrien. Ce premier stage est interprété comme le résultat d'un extension NO-SE. De l'Albien moyen à supérieur, la déformation était localisée essentiellement le long de la faille Guernika-Elgoibar, orientée NO-SE, qui contrôle un bassin asymétriques, étroit et allongé remplis par les Flyschs Noirs. Durant le second stage, les dépocentres du Flysch Noir sont interprétés comme des bassins en transtension et non en pull-apart, car une seule faille majeure contrôlait ces basins asymétriques.The initial purpose of this thesis was to provide a field analogue for petroleum reservoirs with a 3D model of the main structures and of the architecture of deposits developed on the border of a narrow and confined basin. The study area, located between Bakio and Plenzia (Basque Country, Spain), belongs to the Basque Trough, commonly interpreted as a pull-apart basin. We focused on the Bakio diapir, which allows a discussion of the modalities of salt rising, its chronology and of the impacts of salt on the overburden deformation and on sedimentation. A well exposed wedge-shaped structure composed of Albian deposits, with thinning toward the diapir documents synsedimentary salt rising. We showed that the diapir rose firstly as a reactive diapir in response to regional extension and then as a passive diapir. During the passive stage, halokinetic sequences developed, induced by variations of the ratio between net salt rising and net sedimentation rate. All our data from the Bakio diapir show that an important part of deformation is related to diapir flank rotation and not to significant shear associated with salt rising. We also focused on the Albian structural geology in our study area. The comparison of the local Albian fault system with faults from the whole Basque-Cantabrian Basin emphasizes two stages of faults activity. From Aptian to Early-Middle Albian, widely distributed NE-SW striking faults controlled the development of the Urgonian platforms and associated marly troughs. Some major inherited NW-SE striking faults also controlled the localization of depocenters, especially in the central part of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin. The first stage is assumed to result of a NW-SE extension. From Middle to Late Albian, the deformation localized mainly along the Gernika-Elgoibar fault, striking NW-SE, and controlled the formation of a narrow and elongated asymmetric basin developed, filled by Black Flysch units. During this second stage, Black Flysch depocenter are interpreted to form in transtensional setting and cannot be interpreted as pull-apart basins, as only one major fault controlled asymmetric basins

Neogene-Quaternary slow coastal uplift of Western Europe through the perspective of sequences of strandlines from the Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France)

The Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) displays sequences of marine terraces and rasas, the latter being wide Late Cenozoic coastal erosion surfaces, that are typical of Western European coasts in Portugal, Spain, France and southern England. Remote sensing imagery and field mapping enabled reappraisal of the Cotentin coastal sequences. From bottom to top, the N Cotentin sequence includes four previously recognized Pleistocene marine terraces (T1 to T4) at elevations < 40 m as well as four higher and older rasas (R1 to R4) reaching 200 ± 5 m in elevation. Low-standing marine terraces are not observed in the central part of the Peninsula and a limited number of terraces are described to the south. The high-standing rasas are widespread all over the peninsula. Such strandline distributions reveal major changes during the Late Cenozoic. Progressive uplift of an irregular sea-floor led to subaerial exposure of bathymetric highs that were carved into rocky platforms, rasas and marine terraces. Eventually, five main islands coalesced and connected to the mainland to the south to form the Cotentin Peninsula. On the basis of previous dating of the last interglacial maximum terrace (i.e. Marine Isotopic Stage, MIS 5e), sequential morphostratigraphy and modelling, we have reappraised uplift rates and derived: (i) mean Upper Pleistocene (i.e. since MIS 5e ~ 122 +/− 6 ka, i.e. kilo annum) apparent uplift rates of 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr, (ii) mean Middle Pleistocene eustasy-corrected uplift rates of 0.09 ± 0.03 mm/yr, and (iii) low mean Pleistocene uplift rates of 0.01 mm/yr. Extrapolations of these slow rates combined with geological evidence implies that the formation of the sequences from the Cotentin Peninsula occurred between 3 Ma (Pliocene) and 15 Ma (Miocene), which cannot be narrowed down further without additional research. Along the coasts of Western Europe, sequences of marine terraces and rasas are widespread (169 preserve the MIS 5e benchmark). In Spain, Portugal, S England and other parts of western France, the sequences morphostratigraphy is very similar to that of Cotentin. The onset of such Western European sequences occurred during the Miocene (e.g. Spain) or Pliocene (e.g. Portugal). We interpret this Neogene-Quaternary coastal uplift as a symptom of the increasing lithospheric compression that accompanies Cenozoic orogenies. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.We thank the ANR GiSeLE as well as the INSU programme Sulamer Hople for funding.Peer reviewe

An empirical law for wavelet maxima interpretation of potential fields: Application to the Uinta Mountains range

Wavelet methods have been used in potential fields study to estimate source properties such as depth or structural index, through the analysis of Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima Lines (WTMML) intersections and slopes at high scales. Little has been done on the study of maximum points of the wavelet diagram, that we call here Maximum Wavelet Coefficient Scales (MWCS). Previous works have shown interesting correlations between MWCS and source depths, depending on the wavelet used in regards to the source nature and the data derivative order. In this paper, we introduce an empirical law involving spectral parameters that have not been studied so far, which allows analytical calculation of the MWCS, knowing the source characteristics and using certain wavelets. In return, the study of MWCS allows recovering source characteristics from the use of a single wavelet, without prior knowledge on the source. We demonstrate through synthetic models that the new capability of predicting the source type and depth according to the wavelet coefficient behaviour allows new ways of potential fields’ sources characterization and identification. We show an application of the formula on a real case example in the Uinta Mountains (Utah, USA). © 2016 Elsevier B.V.The lead author (P. Cavalier) acknowledges the Claude Leon Foundation for funding the project.Peer reviewe

Contrôle tectonique des résurgences hydrothermales pyrénéennes : implications géothermiques

International audienc

Contrôle tectonique des résurgences hydrothermales pyrénéennes : implications géothermiques

International audienc

nfluence of modern environmental gradients on foraminiferal faunas in the inner Kongsfjorden (Svalbard)

International audienc

High-resolution bathymetry of the Alderney Race and its geological and sedimentological description (Raz Blanchard, northwest France)

International audienceWe present a high-resolution 1:15,000 bathymetric map (Main map) of Alderney Race located offshore of northwestern France, with the strongest currents in Europe. We use this map, underwater video transects and Shipek grabs to improve geological maps previously published. We distinguished Proterozoic crystalline rocks, Paleozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks on the present-day sea floor. Some structures as faults and folds are also mapped. We identified a Quaternary cover made of pebbles, boulders and blocks interpreted as corestones resulting in differential erosion and alteration of the substratum. This cover is commonly encrusted by fixed fauna, such as bryozoans and barnacles. Finally, we describe the present-day mobile sediment cover characterized by sand patches and pebble dune fields (up to 10 m in height). Our videos show the presence of mobile fine-grained sediment patches under the resolution of our map lying between the cobble and pebble cover. We summarize our interpretations on a non-exhaustive geological-sedimentary ma