Los Volcanes en la red (www): la enciclopedia del siglo XXI

No toda la información encontrada en Internet resulta ser fiable y válida, de modo que es necesaria una evaluación crítica sobre los distintos materiales antes de escoger los más apropiados. En este artículo se presentan y analizan distintos recursos educativos de internet relacionados con el fenómeno del volcanismo y peligros asociados. Todos ellos pueden ser de gran utilidad para docentes, divulgadores científicos y alumnos tanto para mejorar su formación en estos temas, como para complementar su propio material docente o de divulgación

Producciones metalúrgicas en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica durante el III milenio cal. AC: el taller de la Bauma del Serrat del Pont (Tortellá, Girona)

We examine the third millennium cal. BC levels from the small rockshelter of Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The site was settled by a small group, building a perishable structure except in the II. 5 level. Some evidence suggests a seasonal occupation of the site. Multidisciplinary research shows a broad spectrum of local resources involved in the dairy life of this people, including those related to metallurgical activity. We find very old tin alloys, plain or bell beaker decorated pot-furnaces (used to smelt copper ores) and clay tuyeres.Se presentan los resultados de la excavación en los niveles del III milenio cal. AC del pequeño abrigo rocoso de la Bauma del Serrat del Pont. El yacimiento fue ocupado por un grupo pequeño que organizó el espacio interno con una estructura de material perecedero, excepto en el nivel II.5. Algunos datos indican que las ocupaciones pudieron tener un carácter estacional. Los estudios multidisciplinares reconstruyen un aprovechamiento diversificado de recursos locales, entre los que se integran los dedicados a las tareas metalúrgicas. Se documentan aleaciones intencionadas de bronce de gran antigüedad, el empleo de vasijas horno con o sin decoración campaniforme, y toberas de arcilla

14C dating of the last Croscat volcano eruption (Garrotxa Region, NE Iberian Peninsula)

In this shortnote, we present the results of a geochronological study of the last eruption in the volcanic region of the Garrotxa (NE Iberian Peninsula). Four 14C analysis of organic matter contained in palaeosols located under volcanic pyroclastic fall deposits of the Croscat volcano were made. The samples gave ages between 13160 and 15710 years cal BP, and are in accord with our palynological analysis and climate reconstruction at that time. The ages that we report are the youngest obtained for volcanic activity in the Iberian Peninsula

Impacts of Use and Abuse of Nature in Catalonia with Proposals for Sustainable Management

This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is Land 2021, 10, 144 3 of 53 more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Today’s problems with nature derive from the current economic model, which is environmentally unsustainable in that it does not take into account environmental impacts. Lastly, we propose a series of reasonable and feasible priority measures and actions related to each use made of the country’s natural resources, to the impacts they have had, and to their management, in the hope that these can contribute to improving the conservation and management of the environment and biodiversity and move towards sustainability.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La conservación del patrimonio natural geológico en campos volcánicos, una herramienta para la gestión sostenible del territorio. El caso de la zona volcánica de la Garrotxa

The study of the geodiversity of an area and the conservation of its geological heritage, unlike biodiversity, has only recently begun to be systematized. This thesis analyses the conservation of geological heritage in volcanic fields, which are places of interest and usually have quite active socioeconomic dynamics. The study is based on a volcanic field located in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula where conservation policies began to be implemented in the 1980s, when a large part of this field was proclaimed a Natural Park. Quaternary volcanic fields such as this one, which may have experienced volcanic activity in the Holocene, are characterized by their excellent state of preservation, which ensures that their volcanic morphologies and the geological processes that have created them are fully visible. The Garrotxa Volcanic Zone is an appropriate case study to analyse the impact on geological heritage and economic sustainability in a volcanic field, since in just 40 years it has allowed the transformation of a little-known territory into one of the most outstanding and visited points of geological interest in Catalonia (Spain). The protection of this volcanic zone represented the end of legal and illegal quarrying activities that significantly damaged most of its volcanoes, but also provided an opportunity to develop the area for tourism. This thesis evaluates the social and economic consequences of the promotion of geotourism and whether it is compatible with the conservation of natural assets, especially geological ones, since areas such as the Volcanic Zone of La Garrotxa represent natural laboratories where we can observe the success in the application of environmentally friendly policies with a positive socioeconomic impact on geotourism. A methodology adapted to volcanic fields is proposed in order to select the inventory geological interest points, and to identify which ones should be preserved and which ones should be publicized. The strategy approved in 2000 for the management of the geological heritage of the Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park (PNZVG) is evaluated on the basis of indicatorsL'estudi de la geodiversitat d'una zona i la conservació del seu patrimoni geològic s'ha començat a sistematitzar, a diferència de la biodiversitat, des de fa pocs anys. En aquesta tesi s'analitza la conservació del patrimoni geològic en els camps volcànics, territoris geològicament interessants i que solen tenir dinàmiques socioeconòmiques força actives. L'estudi es basa en un camp volcànic situat al NE de la península Ibèrica on es van començar a fer polítiques de conservació des dels anys 80 en declarar-se bona part del mateix Parc Natural. Els camps volcànics quaternaris com aquest, que podria haver experimentat activitat volcànica a l'Holocè, es caracteritzen pel seu excel·lent estat de conservació, cosa que assegura que les seves morfologies volcàniques i els processos geològics encara siguin plenament visibles. La zona volcànica de la Garrotxa és un cas d'estudi adequat per analitzar l'impacte en el patrimoni geològic i la sostenibilitat econòmica en un camp volcànic, ja que en només 40 anys s'ha permès transformar un territori poc conegut en un dels punts d'interès geològic més destacats i visitats de Catalunya. La protecció d'aquesta zona volcànica va representar la fi de les activitats d'explotació de grederes legals i il·legals que van fer malbé significativament la majoria dels volcans, però també va brindar una oportunitat per desenvolupar la zona per al turisme. Aquesta tesi avalua les conseqüències socials i econòmiques que ha tingut la promoció del geoturisme i si aquest és compatible amb la conservació dels béns naturals, especialment els geològics. Territoris com la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa representen laboratoris naturals on podem observar l'èxit o el fracàs respecte l'aplicació de polítiques respectuoses amb el medi ambient amb un impacte socioeconòmic positiu. Es proposa una metodologia adaptada als camps volcànics per seleccionar l'inventari de punts d'interès geològic, identificar quins cal conservar i quins divulgar. A partir d'indicadors s'avalua l'estratègia aprovada l'any 2000 per a la gestió del patrimoni geològic del Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa (PNZVG