Avaliação radiográfica da silhueta cardíaca pelo método de mensuração VHS (vertebral heart size) em cães da raça Poodle clinicamente normais

Para avaliação radiográfica da silhueta cardíaca têm sido propostos inúmeros métodos de mensuração com a finalidade de tentar diminuir a subjetividade da avaliação empírica. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o valor de VHS (vertebral heart size) em cães da raça Poodle, amplamente difundida em nosso meio, através do método de mensuração proposto por Buchanan e Bücheler¹. Foram selecionados trinta cães clinicamente normais, machos e fêmeas, com idades variando de um a seis anos. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame radiográfico do tórax nas projeções látero-lateral direita e ventro-dorsal. As radiografias foram avaliadas de forma empírica e posteriormente foram realizadas as medidas propostas por Buchanan e Bücheler¹ para a silhueta cardíaca e para a profundidade e largura do tórax. A avaliação empírica não demonstrou alterações radiográficas relevantes em vinte e um dos trinta cães (70%). 80% dos animais tiveram suas medidas de VHS menores ou iguais a 10,5 vértebras. Os valores de VHS obtidos apresentaram distribuição normal, com média de 10,12 vértebras e desvio padrão de 0,51, sendo o valor mínimo encontrado igual a 9,2 vértebras e o máximo igual a 11,1 vértebras. Os valores da razão profundidade pela largura do tórax também apresentaram distribuição normal, com média de 0,84 e desvio padrão de 0,09, sendo o valor mínimo encontrado igual a 0,64 e o máximo igual a 1,04. 40% dos cães tiveram valores de VHS superiores ao valor médio de 10,12 vértebras obtido neste trabalho o que sugere que esse valor seja rigoroso para ser utilizado como limite superior para essa raça. Para que 96,67% dos animais desse estudo tivessem valores de VHS considerados inferiores ao limite superior, esse deveria ser igual a 11 vértebras. Desta forma sugerimos com base nos dados observados nesta amostra, que o intervalo de 10,5 a 11,0v seja considerado como limite superior para cães da raça Poodle com razão de profundidade e largura do tórax de 0,84 (+ 0,09), já que observamos valor superior a 11,0v em apenas um animal.Many measurement methods have been proposed in order to minimize the subjectivity of the empire radiographic evaluation of the cardiac silhouette. This study intended to establish the VHS (vertebral heart size) value in Poodle dogs, which are a widely spread breed, applying the Buchanan e Bucheler¹ measurement method. Thirty healthy dogs, males and females, 1 to 6 years old were selected and undergone to right lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs that were first empirically evaluated. Then, Buchanan e Bucheler¹ method was applied to the cardiac silhouette and thoracic depth and width. Empiric evaluation did not show any important radiographic changes in twenty one dogs (70%). VHS measurements noticed to be smaller or equal as 10.5 vertebrae in 80% of dogs. The range of minimum (9.2 vertebrae) and maximum (11.1 vertebrae) VHS values had normal distribution with a 10.12 media and 0,51 standard deviation. Normal distribution was also noticed in depth/width ratio, with a 0,84 media and a 0.09 standard deviation with minimum and maximum values of 0.64 and 1.04 respectively. 40% of dogs showed VHS values greater than the 10.12 vertebrae found in this study, it suggests that this value should be used as upper limit for Poodle dogs. The upper limit should be 11 vertebrae as 96.67% of the dogs of this study presented VHS smaller than it. Based on the results, we suggest that a 10,5 to 11 vertebrae interval should be considered the upper limit value to Poodles with 0,84 + 0,09 depth/width ratio as once only one dog showed a measure that exceeded 11 vertebrae

Estudo clínico-radiográfico da subluxação atlantoaxial congênita em cães

Neste estudo foram analisadas ficha clínica e radiografias simples de cães com diagnóstico de subluxação atlantoaxial congênita, obtidos junto ao Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 1999. Durante este período, foram identificados sete cães com alterações do processo odontóide do áxis (agenesia ou hipoplasia), levando à instabilidade da articulação atlantoaxial e conseqüente compressão medular. Todos os animais, com idade igual ou inferior a um ano, apresentavam sinais neurológicos. O diagnóstico definitivo foi firmado mediante as alterações observadas em exame radiográfico simples.This retrospective study reviews the clinical signs and plain radiographic findings in dogs with congenital atlantoaxial subluxation. The data were obtained from the Radiology Department of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School Veterinary Medicine of University of São Paulo during period from january 1990 to december 1999. In this 10-year period, seven dogs were reported with malformation of dens axis (agenesis or hypoplasia), what caused articular instability and spinal cord compression. All the animals were one year old or younger and all had neurologic signs. Diagnosis was made with plain cervical radiographs

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Computed tomography image of the mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes in clinically sound Rottweilers Imagem por tomografia computadorizada dos linfonodos axilares e mediastinais de cães rottweilers clinicamente saudáveis

Trough computed tomography (CT), it is possible to evaluate lymph nodes in detail and to detect changes in these structures earlier than with radiographs and ultrasound. Lack of information in the veterinary literature directed the focus of this report to normal aspects of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes of adult dogs on CT imaging. A CT scan of 15 normal adult male and female Rottweilers was done. To define them as clinically sound, anamnesis, physical examination, complete blood count, renal and hepatic biochemistry, ECG, and thoracic radiographs were performed. After the intravenous injection of hydrosoluble ionic iodine contrast medium contiguous 10mm in thickness thoracic transverse images were obtained with an axial scanner. In the obtained images mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes were sought and when found measured in their smallest diameter and their attenuation was compared to musculature. Mean and standard deviation of: age, weight, body length and the smallest diameter of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes were determined. Mean and standard deviation of parameters: age 3.87±2.03 years, weight 41.13±5.12, and body length 89.61±2.63cm. Axillary lymph nodes were seen in 60% of the animals, mean of the smallest diameter was 3.58mm with a standard deviation of 2.02 and a minimum value of 1mm and a maximum value of 7mm. From 13 observed lymph nodes 61.53% were hypopodense when compared with musculature, and 30.77% were isodense. Mediastinal lymph nodes were identified in 73.33% of the dogs; mean measure of the smallest diameter was 4.71mm with a standard deviation of 2.61mm and a minimum value of 1mm, and a maximum value of 8mm. From 14 observed lymph nodes 85.71% were isodense when compared with musculature and 14.28% were hypodense. The results show that it is possible to visualize axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes in adult clinically sound Rottweilers with CT using a slice thickness and interval of 10mm. The smallest diameter of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes not surpassed 7mm and 8mm respectively. Their attenuations were equal or smaller than that of musculature in the post contrast scan.A tomografia computadorizada é uma modalidade diagnóstica que possibilita a avaliação detalhada dos linfonodos e que é capaz de detectar mais precocemente alterações envolvendo estas estruturas, que modalidades de imagem como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia. Tendo em vista a escassez de informações na literatura veterinária esta pesquisa objetivou fornecer informações sobre os aspectos tomográficos normais dos linfonodos axilares e mediastinais em cães. Realizou-se o exame tomográfico de 15 cães adultos, machos e fêmeas, da raça Rottweiler, selecionados como clinicamente normais por meio de anamnese, exame físico, hemograma, perfil bioquímico renal e hepático, eletrocardiograma e exame radiográfico do tórax. Após a injeção intravenosa do contraste iodado hidrossolúvel iônico, realizaram-se cortes tomográficos transversais do tórax com 10mm de espessura e 10mm de incremento em um tomógrafo axial. Os exames tomográficos foram avaliados buscando-se identificar os linfonodos axilares e mediastinais. Quando visibilizados, os linfonodos foram mensurados em seu menor eixo e sua atenuação foi comparada com a da musculatura. Foram calculados a média e desvio padrão da idade, do peso, do comprimento dos animais e do menor eixo dos linfonodos axilares e mediastinais. A média de idade dos animais e o desvio padrão foram de 3,87 anos ±2,03, do peso foi de 41,13kg ± 5,12 e do comprimento dos animais foi de 89,61cm ±2,63. Os linfonodos axilares foram visibilizados em 60% dos animais, a média das mensurações dos menores diâmetros e o desvio padrão foi de 3,58mm ±2,02 com valor mínimo de 1mm e máximo de 7mm. Dos 13 linfonodos observados 61,53% apresentaram-se hipoatenuantes comparativamente a musculatura e 30,77% isoatenuantes. Os linfonodos mediastinais foram observados em 73,33% dos cães, a média das mensurações dos menores diâmetros e o desvio padrão foi 4,71mm ±2,61 com valor mínimo de 1mm e máximo de 8mm. Dos 14 linfonodos observados 85,71% apresentaram-se isoatenuantes comparativamente a musculatura e 14,28% apresentaram-se hipoatenuantes. A partir deste estudo confirmou-se que em cães da raça Rottweiler os linfonodos axilares e mediastinais podem ser visibilizados ao exame tomográfico em cortes de 10 milímetros de espessura com igual incremento. Seus diâmetros menores não ultrapassaram 7mm no referente aos linfonodos axilares e 8mm para os mediastinais, e sua atenuação foi iso ou hipoatenuante em relação à musculatura no exame pós-contraste

Computed tomography image of the mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes in clinically sound Rottweilers

Trough computed tomography (CT), it is possible to evaluate lymph nodes in detail and to detect changes in these structures earlier than with radiographs and ultrasound. Lack of information in the veterinary literature directed the focus of this report to normal aspects of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes of adult dogs on CT imaging. A CT scan of 15 normal adult male and female Rottweilers was done. To define them as clinically sound, anamnesis, physical examination, complete blood count, renal and hepatic biochemistry, ECG, and thoracic radiographs were performed. After the intravenous injection of hydrosoluble ionic iodine contrast medium contiguous 10mm in thickness thoracic transverse images were obtained with an axial scanner. In the obtained images mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes were sought and when found measured in their smallest diameter and their attenuation was compared to musculature. Mean and standard deviation of: age, weight, body length and the smallest diameter of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes were determined. Mean and standard deviation of parameters: age 3.87±2.03 years, weight 41.13±5.12, and body length 89.61±2.63cm. Axillary lymph nodes were seen in 60% of the animals, mean of the smallest diameter was 3.58mm with a standard deviation of 2.02 and a minimum value of 1mm and a maximum value of 7mm. From 13 observed lymph nodes 61.53% were hypopodense when compared with musculature, and 30.77% were isodense. Mediastinal lymph nodes were identified in 73.33% of the dogs; mean measure of the smallest diameter was 4.71mm with a standard deviation of 2.61mm and a minimum value of 1mm, and a maximum value of 8mm. From 14 observed lymph nodes 85.71% were isodense when compared with musculature and 14.28% were hypodense. The results show that it is possible to visualize axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes in adult clinically sound Rottweilers with CT using a slice thickness and interval of 10mm. The smallest diameter of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes not surpassed 7mm and 8mm respectively. Their attenuations were equal or smaller than that of musculature in the post contrast scan

Imatinib Mesylate for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Assessment of the Response and Adverse Events in Comparison with the Conventional Therapy with Vinblastine and Prednisone

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are common neoplasms in dogs, and treatments for these diseases include surgery, polychemotherapy and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This study aimed to evaluate the response and the adverse events of treatment with imatinib mesylate (IM) compared to conventional therapy using vinblastine and prednisolone (VP) in canine cutaneous MCTs. Twenty-four dogs were included in the study; 13 animals were treated with IM and 11 with VP. Tumor tissue samples were submitted for histological diagnosis, grading and KIT immunostaining. The response to treatment was assessed by tomographic measurements according to VCOG criteria. Adverse events were classified according to VCOG-CTCAE criteria. The IM and VP groups had dogs with similar breeds, gender, ages, MCT localization, WHO stages and lymph node metastasis profiles. Most MCTs were grade 2/low and had KIT- patterns 2 and 3. The objective response rate (ORR) was significantly higher (30.79%) in the IM group then in VP group (9.09%). Adverse events (AE) in IM group were all grade 1, significantly different from VP. In conclusion, IM presented better ORR and less severe adverse events when compared to VP, representing a suitable option for the treatment of low-grade canine MCTs

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved