A cigányság jelenkori halotti és gyászszokásai

A tradicionális magyar paraszti gyászkultúra rítusai, hagyományai (többek között a virrasztás, a siratás) az utóbbi évtizedekben fokozatosan elsorvadtak. Kutatásunk célja annak a vizsgálata volt, hogy a hazai cigányság őrzi-e még a halál körüli és az ezt követő időszakra vonatkozó korábbi tradícióit. 15 roma/cigány identitású interjúalannyal (5 oláh, 9 romungró, 1 beás, átlagéletkor: 40 év, férfi-női arány: 10:5) készítettünk félig strukturált mélyinterjúkat. Ezek elemzése azt mutatja, hogy a néprajzkutatók, antropológusok által korábban leírt gyászszokások jelentős része mindmáig élő hagyomány. Ezek a szokások egyrészt hasonlóságokat mutatnak a magyar paraszti gyász néhány tradíciójával (mint amilyen pl. a virrasztás, a gyászidőszak egyes előírásai és tilalmai), másrészt azonban a cigányság őrzi sajátos, a környezettől eltérő hagyományait is. A temetkezési- és gyászszokásoknak így jelentős identitásalakító és identitásőrző szerepe is van. A cigányságra specifikus szokások egyaránt jelen vannak a temetés során (ilyen pl. a sírmellékletek kiterjedt használata, a cigányzenekar szerepének hangsúlyossága) és a gyász időszakában is (pl. a sír itallal locsolása, a gyászidőszak végén a gyászruha elégetése). Az oláh cigányok körében erősebbek a hagyományok megőrzésével kapcsolatos elvárások, egyes szokások már csak az ő körükben élnek. A korábbi hagyományok mellett újak is megjelennek, ilyen pl. a halott temetés előtti házhoz vitele (amit a halál medikalizálódása tett szükségessé), valamint a csempézett falú sírba vagy a szobaként berendezett mauzóleumba temetkezés újabb keletű szokása

Mediators between bereavement and somatic symptoms

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In our research we examined the frequency of somatic symptoms among bereaved (N = 185) and non-bereaved men and women in a national representative sample (N = 4041) and investigated the possible mediating factors between bereavement status and somatic symptoms.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Somatic symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15), anxiety with a four-point anxiety rating scale, and depression with a nine-item shortened version of the Beck Depression Inventory.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the bereaved, somatic symptoms proved to be significantly more frequent in both genders when compared to the non-bereaved, as did anxiety and depression. On the multivariate level, the results show that both anxiety and depression proved to be a mediator between somatic symptoms and bereavement. The effect sizes indicated that for both genders, anxiety was a stronger predictor of somatic symptoms than depression.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of our research indicate that somatic symptoms accompanying bereavement are not direct consequences of this state but they can be traced back to the associated anxiety and depression. These results draw attention to the need to recognize anxiety and depression looming in the background of somatic complaints in bereavement and to the importance of the dissemination of related information.</p

Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age . To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange . There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period. [Abstract copyright: © 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common illness accompanied by considerable morbidity, mortality, costs, and heightened risk of suicide. We conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis based in 135,458 cases and 344,901 controls and identified 44 independent and significant loci. The genetic findings were associated with clinical features of major depression and implicated brain regions exhibiting anatomical differences in cases. Targets of antidepressant medications and genes involved in gene splicing were enriched for smaller association signal. We found important relationships of genetic risk for major depression with educational attainment, body mass, and schizophrenia: lower educational attainment and higher body mass were putatively causal, whereas major depression and schizophrenia reflected a partly shared biological etiology. All humans carry lesser or greater numbers of genetic risk factors for major depression. These findings help refine the basis of major depression and imply that a continuous measure of risk underlies the clinical phenotype