Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico.MethodsWe performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.ResultsAll countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries-apart from Ecuador-across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups-the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017.ConclusionsOur subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.Peer reviewe

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods: We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results: All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries�apart from Ecuador�across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50 or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10 of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups�the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. Conclusions: Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths

Електрохімічна поведінка чистих ефективних електродів Mn2O3, отриманих за недорогою технікою потенціостатичного електроосадження

Електрод типу нанолусок з Mn2O3 для застосування в суперконденсаторах був успішно електроосаджений на колектор струму з нержавіючої сталі (SS) потенціостатичним способом без використання будь-якого сполучного або закупорювального засобу. Структурні, морфологічні та композиційні властивості підготовлених електродів Mn2O3 були охарактеризовані за допомогою методів дифракції рентгенівських променів (XRD), польової емісійної скануючої електронної мікроскопії (FESEM) та інфрачервоної спектроскопії з перетворенням Фур'є (FTIR) відповідно. Дослідження XRD виявило наночастинки Mn2O3, які мають кристалічну об'ємно-центровану кубічну структуру (BCC), підтверджену за допомогою JCPDS no. 89-2809. Зображення FESEM демонструють морфологію нанолусок, а також пластинчасту та пористу морфологію, придатну для електрохімічних застосувань. Утворення Mn2O3 було підтверджено за допомогою FTIR спектрів. Електрохімічні характеристики електрода Mn2O3 досліджували за допомогою циклічної вольтамперометрії (CV), гальваностатичного заряду/розряду (GCD) та електрохімічної імпедансної спектроскопії (EIS) в електролітах Na2SO4, NaOH та KCl. Виявлено, що електроліт 1 M Na2SO4 добре підходить для електроду типу нанолусок з Mn2O3 для застосування в суперконденсаторах з питомою ємністю (Csp) 508 Фгм – 1 при швидкості сканування 5 мВс – 1. Кращі значення Csp можуть бути пов'язані з великими активними центрами та швидким іонним транспортом через поверхню електрода Mn2O3. Аналіз електрохімічної стабільності електрода Mn2O3 показує збереження ємності 83 % після 1000 циклів в електроліті 1 M Na2SO4 при швидкості сканування 100 мВс – 1.Mn2O3 nanoflake type electrode for supercapacitor applications has been successfully electrodeposited on stainless steel (SS) current collector by potentiostatic way without using any binder or capping agent. Structural, morphological and compositional properties of the prepared Mn2O3 electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The XRD study revealed Mn2O3 nanoparticles exhibiting body centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure confirmed using JCPDS no. 89-2809. The FESEM images show nanoflake, lamellar and porous morphology suitable for electrochemical applications. The formation of Mn2O3 was confirmed using FTIR spectra. The electrochemical performance of Mn2O3 electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in Na2SO4, NaOH and KCl electrolytes. It is revealed that the 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte is well suited for Mn2O3 nanoflake type electrode for supercapacitor applications exhibiting specific capacitance (Csp) of 508 Fgm – 1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs – 1. The better Csp values may be due to large active sites and rapid ionic transport across the Mn2O3 electrode's surface. Analysis of the electrochemical stability of the Mn2O3 electrode exhibits a capacity retention value of 83 % after 1000 cycles in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte at a scan rate of 100 mVs – 1

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Not AvailableBovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is the most common viral pathogen found in bovine semen, causing numerous reproductive disorders leading to economic losses to the cattle industry. For rapid detection of BoHV-1 in bovine semen, in this study, we applied a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. The assay could be completed within 90 min, including total DNA isolation, target amplification, and visual interpretation of positive or negative results with the naked eye. The assay detected as little as 10 fg of BoHV-1 DNA per reaction. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was 0.2 TCID50 BoHV-1 per reaction, which was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR and comparable to TaqMan real-time PCR. The applicability of the assay was assessed by analysing 118 semen samples collected from breeding bulls. On comparison with TaqMan real-time PCR, the LAMP assay had a diagnostic sensitivity of 97 %, specificity of 100 %, and accuracy of 99.2 % for detection of BoHV-1 in bovine semen. The LAMP assay developed in this study is a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for detection of BoHV-1 in bovine semen.Not Availabl

Esophageal lung – A rare bronchopulmonary foregut malformation

Esophageal lung is a rare variety of communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation characterized by a fistula between an isolated portion of respiratory tissue and esophagus or stomach. It may involve the entire lung or one of the pulmonary lobes. Only 20 cases have been reviewed in 2011. Fifty percent of cases are associated with a tracheoesophageal fistula. We report a case of a 6 month old girl who was previously operated for TEF repair, with esophageal lobe which was successfully excised. The relevant literature is reviewed

Дослідження концентрації газу NO2 на реакцію тонких плівок CdO, отриманих за новим методом зворотного флюсу

У цьому дослідженні, використовуючи простий і недорогий новий метод зворотного холодильника, тонкі плівки оксиду кадмію (CdO) були успішно нанесені на скляну підкладку. Тут для нанесення CdO на скляну підкладку як джерело іонів Cd+ використовувався хлорид кадмію (CdCl2), а як комплексоутворювач – аміак. Структурний аналіз і морфологію поверхні підготовленої тонкої плівки CdO аналізували за допомогою рентгенівської дифракції та скануючої електронної мікроскопії відповідно. Також тест на змочуваність проводили за допомогою гоніометра, який показав гідрофільну природу осадженої тонкої плівки CdO. Оптичні властивості тонкої плівки CdO було завершено за допомогою УФ-видимої спектроскопії, яка виявила, що осаджена тонка плівка CdO має пряму ширину забороненої зони близько 2,01 еВ. Властивості чутливості газу NO2, такі як чутливість, відновлення відгуку та час відгуку підготовленого датчика CdO, було визначено за допомогою датчика газу Keithley. У цій роботі було вивчено вплив концентрації газу NO2 на відгук датчика CdO, і було з’ясовано, що зі збільшенням концентрації газу NO2 (25 ppm – 100 ppm), відгук датчика CdO також збільшується і стає максимальним, тобто (57 %) для 100 ppm NO2 з оптимізованою температурою 200 ˚C. Було вивчено зміну реакції та часу відновлення залежно від концентрації газу NO2 і було зроблено висновок, що зі збільшенням концентрації газу NO2 час відгуку збільшується, а час відновлення зменшується.In present study, using simple and inexpensive novel reflux method, Cadmium Oxide (CdO) thin films were successfully deposited on glass substrate. Here to deposit CdO on glass substrate, Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) was used as a source of Cd+ ions, while ammonia was taken as complexing agent. Structural analysis and surface morphology of prepared CdO thin film was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy respectively, Also wettability test was done by using goniometer which showed hydrophilic nature of deposited CdO thin film. Optical properties of CdO thin film was completed by using UV-Visible spectroscopy which revealed that deposited CdO thin film has direct band gap about 2.01 eV. NO2 gas sensing properties like sensitivity, response recovery & response time of prepared CdO sensor was determined by using Keithley gas sensing unit. In present work effect of concentration of NO2 gas on response of CdO sensor was studied and it was cleared that as NO2 gas concentration increases (25 ppm – 100 ppm), the response of CdO sensor was also increases & it becomes maximum i.e. (57 %) for 100 ppm of NO2 with optimized temperature of 200˚C. Variation of response and recovery time with NO2 gas concentration was studied and it was concluded that as concentration of NO2 gas increases, response time increases while recovery time decreases