94 research outputs found
EnzyklopĂ€dien der AufklĂ€rung in europĂ€ischen Vernakularsprachen und der Wissenstransfer ĂŒber âModell, Imitation und Kopieâ
Wer ĂŒber Transferprozesse des Wissens bei enzyklopĂ€dischen Werken spricht, wird sich ĂŒber kurz oder lang mit den âentangled historiesâ der aufgeklĂ€rten Universallexika Europas zu beschĂ€ftigen haben. Die zu Beginn des Zeitalters der aufgeklĂ€rten EnzyklopĂ€dien herrschenden Produktionsweise solcher Werke bedingte bereits die inhaltliche Verflechtung der jeweils jĂŒngsten landessprachlichen EnzyklopĂ€die mit ihren VorlĂ€ufern; sie geschah auf dem Wege des eigentlich unerlaubten, aber ĂŒblichen Nachdrucks, sie kam im Zuge der SprachĂŒbersetzung zustande, die auch eine kulturelle war, sie bestand in den kompilatorischen Textcollagen innerhalb der Lemmata.Obwohl die Herausgeber und Autoren der landessprachlichen EnzyklopĂ€dien auf den TitelblĂ€ttern bestĂ€ndig die Verbundenheit des neuen Werkes mit den VorgĂ€nger-WörterbĂŒchern betonten, war die inhaltliche Verflochtenheit der enzyklopĂ€dischen Projekte bei gleichzeitiger ânationalerâ Differenz keine offensichtliche. Sie war, wie sich an der MorĂ©ri-âFamilieâ mit ihren deutschen, schweizerischen, niederlĂ€ndischen, englischen etc. Ăbersetzungen zeigen lĂ€Ăt, vielmehr ein verborgenes Wurzelgeflecht mit stetig neuen Ablegern. Die Ăbersetzung bereits existierender EnzyklopĂ€dien in verschiedene Landessprachen war von der ausschnittsweisen Revision und einer unterschiedlich starken ânationalenâ Adaption der Inhalte geprĂ€gt. Eine RĂŒckĂŒbersetzung in die Originalsprache hĂ€tte nicht eine RĂŒckkehr zum Original bedeutet â Adaption, Revision und Anreicherung der Artikel hatten ein neues Buch und neue Wissenswirklichkeit erzeugt.Quand on veut traiter des transferts de savoir dans les ouvrages encyclopĂ©diques, on est obligĂ© Ă plus ou moins brĂšve Ă©chĂ©ance de sâintĂ©resser aux « entangled histories » des Dictionnaires universels de lâEurope des LumiĂšres. Le mode de production dominant de ce type dâouvrage au dĂ©but de lâĂšre des encyclopĂ©dies des LumiĂšres conditionnait dĂ©jĂ le contenu des liens entre la publication encyclopĂ©dique nationale la plus rĂ©cente et celles qui lâavaient prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©e ; ce furent les rĂ©Ă©ditions, certes non autorisĂ©es mais trĂšs rĂ©pandues Ă lâĂ©poque, qui en furent le vecteur, tout comme les traductions linguistiques et leur dimension culturelle ou les collages textuels compilĂ©s dans les diffĂ©rentes rubriques. Bien quâĂ©diteurs et auteurs dâencyclopĂ©dies nationales aient eu Ă cĆur de souligner les liens du nouvel ouvrage avec les dictionnaires prĂ©cĂ©dents, on ne percevait pas toujours trĂšs clairement de quel type Ă©taient ceux qui, par delĂ les spĂ©cificitĂ©s nationales, en rattachaient la substance aux autres projets dâencyclopĂ©dies. Comme le montre lâexemple de la famille MorĂ©ri et de ses traductions allemandes, suisses, nĂ©erlandaises, anglaises etc., ces liens ressemblaient davantage aux ramifications prolifĂ©rantes dâun rhizome souterrain. La traduction dâencyclopĂ©dies existantes dans des langues nationales Ă©tait caractĂ©risĂ©e par des rĂ©visions de certains passages et des adaptations plus ou moins importantes selon les pays. Une retraduction dans la langue originale nâaurait pas signifiĂ© un retour Ă lâoriginal : en adaptant, rĂ©visant et Ă©toffant les articles, on avait crĂ©Ă© un ouvrage nouveau et un nouvel Ă©tat du savoir.When discussing knowledge transfer processes in encyclopedias, it is helpful to address the âentangled historiesâ of Europeâs enlightened encyclopedias of the eighteenth century. From the beginning, the mode of production of enlightened encyclopedias meant that the latest encyclopedias published in national languages necessarily integrated the content of the encyclopedias that came before them, interweaving it into their own. While technically not allowed, reprinting, translating across languages and cultures, and compiling of text collages to create articles for encyclopedias was common practice.Although the editors and authors of these encyclopedias in vernacular languages consistently stressed the affinity between their new works and the encyclopedias before them on their title pages, the overlapping content shared by the different encyclopedic projects was not at first obvious due to their clearly visible ânationalâ differences. As can be illustrated with the example of the MorĂ©ri âfamilyâ of German, Swiss, Dutch, English, and other translations, this overlapping was rather a tangle of roots below the surface that constantly produced new offshoots. The translation of already published encyclopedias into the different national languages primarily meant revising excerpts and adapting the content for each new country to various degrees. A re-translation into the original language would not have reproduced the original book. Instead, the adaptation, revision, and enrichment of the original articles created an entirely new work and new reality of knowledge
Towards Our Common Digital Future. Flagship Report.
In the report âTowards Our Common Digital Futureâ, the WBGU makes it clear that sustainability strategies and concepts need to be fundamentally further developed in the age of digitalization. Only if digital change and the Transformation towards Sustainability are synchronized can we succeed in advancing climate and Earth-system protection and in making social progress in human development. Without formative political action, digital change will further accelerate resource and energy consumption, and exacerbate damage to the environment and the climate. It is therefore an urgent political task to create the conditions needed to place digitalization at the service of sustainable development
Exploiting the 2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole Scaffold To Inhibit <i>Trypanosoma brucei </i>Pteridine Reductase in Support of Early-Stage Drug Discovery
Pteridine reductase-1 (PTR1) is a promising drug target for the treatment of trypanosomiasis. We investigated the potential of a previously identified class of thiadiazole inhibitors of Leishmania major PTR1 for activity against Trypanosoma brucei (Tb). We solved crystal structures of several TbPTR1-inhibitor complexes to guide the structure-based design of new thiadiazole derivatives. Subsequent synthesis and enzyme- and cell-based assays confirm new, mid-micromolar inhibitors of TbPTR1 with low toxicity. In particular, compound 4m, a biphenyl-thiadiazole-2,5-diamine with IC50 = 16 ÎŒM, was able to potentiate the antitrypanosomal activity of the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor methotrexate (MTX) with a 4.1-fold decrease of the EC50 value. In addition, the antiparasitic activity of the combination of 4m and MTX was reversed by addition of folic acid. By adopting an efficient hit discovery platform, we demonstrate, using the 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold, how a promising tool for the development of anti-T. brucei agents can be obtained
Unsere gemeinsame digitale Zukunft
Das Gutachten âUnsere gemeinsame digitale Zukunftâ macht deutlich, dass Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien und -konzepte im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung grundlegend weiterentwickelt werden mĂŒssen. Nur wenn der digitale Wandel und die Transformation zur Nachhaltigkeit konstruktiv verzahnt werden, kann es gelingen, Klima- und Erdsystemschutz sowie soziale Fortschritte menschlicher Entwicklung voranzubringen. Ohne aktive politische Gestaltung wird der digitale Wandel den Ressourcen- und Energieverbrauch sowie die SchĂ€digung von Umwelt und Klima weiter beschleunigen. Daher ist es eine vordringliche politische Aufgabe, Bedingungen dafĂŒr zu schaffen, die Digitalisierung in den Dienst nachhaltiger Entwicklung zu stellen
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A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and heritable eating disorder characterized by dangerously low body weight. Neither candidate gene studies nor an initial genome wide association study (GWAS) have yielded significant and replicated results. We performed a GWAS in 2,907 cases with AN from 14 countries (15 sites) and 14,860 ancestrally matched controls as part of the Genetic Consortium for AN (GCAN) and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3 (WTCCC3). Individual association analyses were conducted in each stratum and meta-analyzed across all 15 discovery datasets. Seventy-six (72 independent) SNPs were taken forward for in silico (two datasets) or de novo (13 datasets) replication genotyping in 2,677 independent AN cases and 8,629 European ancestry controls along with 458 AN cases and 421 controls from Japan. The final global meta-analysis across discovery and replication datasets comprised 5,551 AN cases and 21,080 controls. AN subtype analyses (1,606 AN restricting; 1,445 AN binge-purge) were performed. No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two intronic variants were suggestively associated: rs9839776 (P=3.01Ă10â7) in SOX2OT and rs17030795 (P=5.84Ă10â6) in PPP3CA. Two additional signals were specific to Europeans: rs1523921 (P=5.76Ă10â6) between CUL3 and FAM124B and rs1886797 (P=8.05Ă10â6) near SPATA13. Comparing discovery to replication results, 76% of the effects were in the same direction, an observation highly unlikely to be due to chance (P= 4Ă10â6), strongly suggesting that true findings exist but that our sample, the largest yet reported, was underpowered for their detection. The accrual of large genotyped AN case-control samples should be an immediate priority for the field
A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa suggests a risk locus implicated in dysregulated leptin signaling
J. Kaprio, A. Palotie, A. Raevuori-Helkamaa ja S. Ripatti ovat työryhmÀn Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium jÀseniÀ. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 21;7(1):8379, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06409-3We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anorexia nervosa (AN) using a stringently defined phenotype. Analysis of phenotypic variability led to the identification of a specific genetic risk factor that approached genome-wide significance (rs929626 in EBF1 (Early B-Cell Factor 1); P = 2.04 x 10(-7); OR = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-0.8) with independent replication (P = 0.04), suggesting a variant-mediated dysregulation of leptin signaling may play a role in AN. Multiple SNPs in LD with the variant support the nominal association. This demonstrates that although the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of AN is universally recognized, further careful sub-typing of cases may provide more precise genomic signals. In this study, through a refinement of the phenotype spectrum of AN, we present a replicable GWAS signal that is nominally associated with AN, highlighting a potentially important candidate locus for further investigation.Peer reviewe
Common Genetic Variation And Age at Onset Of Anorexia Nervosa
Background Genetics and biology may influence the age at onset of anorexia nervosa (AN). The aims of this study were to determine whether common genetic variation contributes to AN age at onset and to investigate the genetic associations between age at onset of AN and age at menarche. Methods A secondary analysis of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS) of AN was performed which included 9,335 cases and 31,981 screened controls, all from European ancestries. We conducted GWASs of age at onset, early-onset AN (< 13 years), and typical-onset AN, and genetic correlation, genetic risk score, and Mendelian randomization analyses. Results Two loci were genome-wide significant in the typical-onset AN GWAS. Heritability estimates (SNP-h2) were 0.01-0.04 for age at onset, 0.16-0.25 for early-onset AN, and 0.17-0.25 for typical-onset AN. Early- and typical-onset AN showed distinct genetic correlation patterns with putative risk factors for AN. Specifically, early-onset AN was significantly genetically correlated with younger age at menarche, and typical-onset AN was significantly negatively genetically correlated with anthropometric traits. Genetic risk scores for age at onset and early-onset AN estimated from independent GWASs significantly predicted age at onset. Mendelian randomization analysis suggested a causal link between younger age at menarche and early-onset AN. Conclusions Our results provide evidence consistent with a common variant genetic basis for age at onset and implicate biological pathways regulating menarche and reproduction.Peer reviewe
Association of respiratory symptoms and lung function with occupation in the multinational Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been associated with exposures in the workplace. We aimed to assess the association of respiratory symptoms and lung function with occupation in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study.
Methods
We analysed cross-sectional data from 28â823 adults (â„40â
years) in 34 countries. We considered 11 occupations and grouped them by likelihood of exposure to organic dusts, inorganic dusts and fumes. The association of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheeze, dyspnoea, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1â
s (FEV1)/FVC with occupation was assessed, per study site, using multivariable regression. These estimates were then meta-analysed. Sensitivity analyses explored differences between sexes and gross national income.
Results
Overall, working in settings with potentially high exposure to dusts or fumes was associated with respiratory symptoms but not lung function differences. The most common occupation was farming. Compared to people not working in any of the 11 considered occupations, those who were farmers for â„20â
years were more likely to have chronic cough (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.19â1.94), wheeze (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16â1.63) and dyspnoea (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.53â2.20), but not lower FVC (ÎČ=0.02â
L, 95% CI â0.02â0.06â
L) or lower FEV1/FVC (ÎČ=0.04%, 95% CI â0.49â0.58%). Some findings differed by sex and gross national income.
Conclusion
At a population level, the occupational exposures considered in this study do not appear to be major determinants of differences in lung function, although they are associated with more respiratory symptoms. Because not all work settings were included in this study, respiratory surveillance should still be encouraged among high-risk dusty and fume job workers, especially in low- and middle-income countries.publishedVersio
Prevalence of chronic cough, its risk factors and population attributable risk in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study: a multinational cross-sectional study
© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Background: Chronic cough is a common respiratory symptom with an impact on daily activities and quality of life. Global prevalence data are scarce and derive mainly from European and Asian countries and studies with outcomes other than chronic cough. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of chronic cough across a large number of study sites as well as to identify its main risk factors using a standardised protocol and definition.
Methods: We analysed cross-sectional data from 33,983 adults (â„40 years), recruited between Jan 2, 2003 and Dec 26, 2016, in 41 sites (34 countries) from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study. We estimated the prevalence of chronic cough for each site accounting for sampling design. To identify risk factors, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis within each site and then pooled estimates using random-effects meta-analysis. We also calculated the population attributable risk (PAR) associated with each of the identifed risk factors.
Findings: The prevalence of chronic cough varied from 3% in India (rural Pune) to 24% in the United States of America (Lexington,KY). Chronic cough was more common among females, both current and passive smokers, those working in a dusty job, those with a history of tuberculosis, those who were obese, those with a low level of education and those with hypertension or airflow limitation. The most influential risk factors were current smoking and working in a dusty job.
Interpretation: Our findings suggested that the prevalence of chronic cough varies widely across sites in different world regions. Cigarette smoking and exposure to dust in the workplace are its major risk factors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Prevalence of chronic cough, its risk factors and population attributable risk in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study: a multinational cross-sectional study
Background: Chronic cough is a common respiratory symptom with an impact on daily activities and quality of life. Global prevalence data are scarce and derive mainly from European and Asian countries and studies with outcomes other than chronic cough. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of chronic cough across a large number of study sites as well as to identify its main risk factors using a standardized protocol and definition. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 33,983 adults (â„40 years), recruited between Jan 2, 2003 and Dec 26, 2016, in 41 sites (34 countries) from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study. We estimated the prevalence of chronic cough for each site accounting for sampling design. To identify risk factors, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis within each site and then pooled estimates using random-effects meta-analysis. We also calculated the population-attributable risk (PAR) associated with each of the identified risk factors. Findings: The prevalence of chronic cough varied from 3% in India (rural Pune) to 24% in the United States of America (Lexington, KY). Chronic cough was more common among females, both current and passive smokers, those working in a dusty job, those with a history of tuberculosis, those who were obese, those with a low level of education, and those with hypertension or airflow limitation. The most influential risk factors were current smoking and working in a dusty job. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that the prevalence of chronic cough varies widely across sites in different world regions. Cigarette smoking and exposure to dust in the workplace are its major risk factors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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