Nitrogen Transformations in Boreal Forest Soils in Response to Extreme Manipulation Treatments

Dissertation + Papers I -

Meaning in the Weaving: Mapping and Texture as Figures of Spatiality and Eventness

Advocating a dramaturgical ontology of events rather than objects – or ecologies rather than cartographies – the article defends the metaphors of texture and weaving as intuitive, non-anthropocentric alternatives to current idioms of becoming and emergence. Already popularized as the very definition of “dramaturgy” by Eugenio Barba, these are specifically traced through Tim Ingold’s recent anthropology of weaving and S. C. Pepper’s philosophical pragmatism: where Ingold’s ecology of lines admits to “no insides or outsides [...] trailing loose ends in every direction”, Pepper’s “contextualistic world” of events admits “no top nor bottom” to its strands and textures. Intended only as a theoretical introduction to the implications of a certain family of metaphors (complete with a graphic representation thereof ), this article distinguishes the eventness of texture from certain notions of spatial “mapping” and discusses the “ecological” range of the metaphor through the concepts of textural fusion and spread

Biomassojen yhteiskuljetuskustannukset tienvarresta käyttöpaikalle

EU-jäsenvaltiona Suomi on sitoutunut lisäämään uusiutuvien energialähteiden osuuden 38 %:in energian loppukulutuksesta vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Merkittävä osa tästä lisäystavoitteesta tullaan kattamaan bioenergialla ja erityisesti metsähakkeella. Metsähakkeen ja muiden biomassojen käytön voimakas kasvu tarkoittaa entistä suurempaa rasitusta Suomen tiestölle kuljetusmäärien lisääntyessä. Kuljettamalla biomassoja yhteiskuormissa voidaan vähentää kuljetusmääriä ja tieverkostoon kohdistuvaa rasitusta. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää metsä- ja peltobiomassojen yhteiskuljetusten kustannukset (€/MWh) tienvarsivarastolta käyttöpaikalle. Kustannukset selvitettiin myös erikseen kuljetettuina. Tutkittavat biomassat olivat hakkuutähteet, kannot ja ruokohelpi. Kuljetuskustannukset selvitettiin laskennallisesti konekustannuslaskennan kautta. Tutkimustulosten perusteella yhteiskuljetusten kustannukset eivät ole merkittävästi korkeammat kuin kuljetettaessa biomassat erikseen. Selvästi kalleinta on kuljettaa ruokohelpeä ja vastaavasti halvinta on hakkuutähteiden kuljetus.Finland has committed to increase the share of renewable energy to 38 % in final energy consumption by 2020. A significant part of this target will be covered by bioenergy and in particular by forest chips. This means a greater strain to the Finnish road network due to the powerful increase of road transport. One way to decrease road transport volumes is to transport biomasses in combined cargos. The purpose of this thesis was to find out transport costs (€/MWh) of forest chips and reed canary grass when transporting these biomasses in combined cargos. The biomasses that were examined in this work were reed canary grass, logging residue and stump wood. The transport costs were examined computationally by machine cost accounting method. The results show that transporting biomasses in combined cargos the transport costs are not significantly lower than in transporting the biomasses in separated. By far the most expensive is to transport reed canary grass and, correspondingly, the cheapest is the transportation of logging residues

Cultural Trauma of the Civil War of 1918 Staged and Commemorated in Finland

The Centennial of one of the cruelest of European civil wars fought in Finland between the Reds and the Whites from January to May 1918 has evoked a spectrum of theatre productions illustrating variations of styles and approaches on the events. The turn in the treatment of this cultural trauma occurred with the interpretations and narrative perspectives that were fixed in the 1960s, when an understanding for the defeated Red side was expressed in historiography, literature and theatre. Since that, the last six decades the Finnish theatre and public discourse on the Civil War have been dominated by the Red narrative as the memory of the 1918 Civil War provided an important part in the new identity politics for the 1969 generation. Since the 1980’s the topic was mostly put aside so that before the 2018 revivals of the Civil War topic, the productions seem to have been reactions by the artists confronting the developments at the end of the Cold War. Some theatrical events can even be tied to the cultural trauma of the 1969 left evoked by the collapse of the socialist block. The Centennial productions repeated the Red narrative but they also provided more balanced interpretationson the tragic events

Economies and Ecologies: Figures of Spectating and the Enclosure of Emancipation

Starting from the tropes of ‘economy’ and ‘ecology’ as framing discourses for theatre and performance studies, and touching on larger debates about humanism and posthumanism, modernity and postmodernism, this playful essay teases out how any of these idioms may inadvertently reproduce the logic of global capitalism. Reading the latter as an ever-widening project of ‘enclosure’ – the closing in of the commons, the theatres, the individual, and the very imagination of emancipation – the problem with it is located in its reduction of human agents to mere spectators of the world’s unfolding. If modern or humanist economies risk the reduction of nature to mere scenery for human exploits, some postmodern and posthuman ecologies may run the converse risk of divesting human politics of both agency and accountability. Drawing on Kate Soper’s and Ellen Meiksins Wood’s defences of humanism and modernity, Andreas Malm’s and Alf Hornborg’s critiques of posthumanism, and David Graeber’s and David Wengrow’s paean to political imagination, the essay enters the theatre only occasionally, but addresses all its themes through a performative lens.Artikkeli käsittelee leikillisellä otteella laajoja aihepiirejä: yhtäältä ekonomiaa ja ekologiaa teatterin- ja esitystutkimuksen kattokäsitteinä, toisaalta vielä laveampia keskusteluita humanismista ja posthumanismista, modernista ja postmodernista. Väitteenä on, että kaikilla näillä diskursseilla on mahdollista tulla toisintaneeksi – vaikka vahingossakin – globaalin kapitalismin logiikkaa, joka sulkeistaa sisäänsä niin yhteismaat, teatterit, yksilöt kuin mielikuvituksenkin, redusoiden ihmistoimijat pelkiksi tämän luonnonvoimana näyttäytyvän spektaakkelin katsojiksi. Missä modernit tai humanistiset ’ekonomiat’ alistavat ei-inhimillisen luonnon vain hyötytalouden lavasteiksi, postmodernit ja posthumanistiset ’ekologiat’ voivat vastaavasti häivyttää ihmisten tekemästä politiikasta sekä vastuun että toimijuuden ulottuvuudet. Teksti etenee humanismin ja modernin puolustuspuheenvuoroista (Kate Soper, Ellen Meiksins Wood) posthumanismin kritiikkiin (Andreas Malm, Alf Hornborg) ja poliittisen mielikuvituksen mahdollisuuksiin (David Graeber, David Wengrow); teatterissa poiketaan vain toisinaan, mutta tutkitut ilmiöt ymmärretään pohjimmiltaan performatiivisiksi

Poor Theatre, Rich Theatre: Layers of Exchange in Two Adaptations of Ingmar Bergman and Paavo Haavikko

The article analyzes two Finnish theatre adaptations of Fanny och Alexander, by Ingmar Bergman, and Rauta-aika, by Paavo Haavikko, premiered in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The key question is, how the two works brought the filmic originals’ wealth of material to theatrically manageable proportions, and how the themes of poverty and prosperity were developed by their scenic machineries – a question of theatricality, but also, if you will, of a sort of theatrical exchange: “golden age” to exile or decline in the story-worlds, lavish film to theatrical constraint in production. The first two sections take a specifically economic perspective on the original TV projects and their central storylines; the two final sections address how these storylines were locally woven by the revolving stage and the revolving auditorium used in the theatre productions. On various levels, a playfully “monetary” distinction of metonymy and metaphor is suggested in which metonymic contiguity stands for contextual prosperity (as experience, community, immediacy), metaphoric substitution for relative deprivation (as distance, abstraction, exchange)

Security properties of light clients on the ethereum blockchain

Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain, known as being the second most popular public blockchain after Bitcoin. Since Ethereum is decentralised the canonical state is determined by the Ethereum network participants via a consensus mechanism without a centralized coordinator. The network participants are required to evaluate every transaction starting from the genesis block, which requires a large amount of network, computing, and storage resources. This is impractical for many devices with either limited computing resources or intermittent network connectivity. To overcome this drawback Ethereum defines a light client protocol where the light client fetches the blockchain state from a node operating as a light protocol server. Light clients are unable to maintain blockchain state internally, and as a consequence can only perform partial validation on blocks. Thus they rely on the light server for full block validation and to provide the updated blockchain state. Light clients connect to multiple light servers to mitigate the risk of relying on a single potentially dishonest server. Ethereum light clients are known to suffer from a probabilistic security model, but they are widely assumed to be secure under normal operating conditions. In fact, the implicit security assumptions of light clients have not been formally characterised in the literature. We present and analyse the probabilistic security guarantees under three different adversarial scenarios. The results show that for any adversary that is able to manipulate the network, the security assurances provided by the light protocol are severely impacted, and in some cases entirely lost. These results clearly demonstrate that the assumption of normal operating conditions is insufficient to justify the security assumptions of light clients. Our work also provides insight to the security of light clients under different security parameters, allowing light client implementers to more accurately understand the potential security trade-offs

Hyvien pyrintöjen saatto

Arvioitava teos: MIKKO-OLAVI SEPPÄLÄ: PAREMPI IHMINEN – PAREMPI MAAILMA. SUOMALAISEN TYÖVÄENTEATTERIN PÄÄTTYMÄTÖN TARINA. Vastapaino 2020