Nitrogen Transformations in Boreal Forest Soils in Response to Extreme Manipulation Treatments

Dissertation + Papers I -

Biomassojen yhteiskuljetuskustannukset tienvarresta käyttöpaikalle

EU-jäsenvaltiona Suomi on sitoutunut lisäämään uusiutuvien energialähteiden osuuden 38 %:in energian loppukulutuksesta vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Merkittävä osa tästä lisäystavoitteesta tullaan kattamaan bioenergialla ja erityisesti metsähakkeella. Metsähakkeen ja muiden biomassojen käytön voimakas kasvu tarkoittaa entistä suurempaa rasitusta Suomen tiestölle kuljetusmäärien lisääntyessä. Kuljettamalla biomassoja yhteiskuormissa voidaan vähentää kuljetusmääriä ja tieverkostoon kohdistuvaa rasitusta. Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää metsä- ja peltobiomassojen yhteiskuljetusten kustannukset (€/MWh) tienvarsivarastolta käyttöpaikalle. Kustannukset selvitettiin myös erikseen kuljetettuina. Tutkittavat biomassat olivat hakkuutähteet, kannot ja ruokohelpi. Kuljetuskustannukset selvitettiin laskennallisesti konekustannuslaskennan kautta. Tutkimustulosten perusteella yhteiskuljetusten kustannukset eivät ole merkittävästi korkeammat kuin kuljetettaessa biomassat erikseen. Selvästi kalleinta on kuljettaa ruokohelpeä ja vastaavasti halvinta on hakkuutähteiden kuljetus.Finland has committed to increase the share of renewable energy to 38 % in final energy consumption by 2020. A significant part of this target will be covered by bioenergy and in particular by forest chips. This means a greater strain to the Finnish road network due to the powerful increase of road transport. One way to decrease road transport volumes is to transport biomasses in combined cargos. The purpose of this thesis was to find out transport costs (€/MWh) of forest chips and reed canary grass when transporting these biomasses in combined cargos. The biomasses that were examined in this work were reed canary grass, logging residue and stump wood. The transport costs were examined computationally by machine cost accounting method. The results show that transporting biomasses in combined cargos the transport costs are not significantly lower than in transporting the biomasses in separated. By far the most expensive is to transport reed canary grass and, correspondingly, the cheapest is the transportation of logging residues

New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization: Block Periodization: New horizon or a false dawn?

It would appear premature to herald block periodization as a ‘new horizon’ in training planning, partly because of a fundamental lack of supporting evidence and clearly delineated rationale, and partly because contradictory evidence exists questioning its universal efficacy in elite contexts. What block periodization does positively contribute to current planning methodologies is a more formal description of a particular planning tactic that may be advantageously added to the elite coaches menu of potential planning options. Therefore, while blocked-training schemes may be useful ploys in specific training contexts, the claim that this framework represents a new departure in training planning may be somewhat overly enthusiastic. Hence, perhaps a more appropriate description of block periodization is ‘new variation’, rather than a ‘new horizon’, in sports training planning

Changes in gait during constant pace treadmill running.

Treadmills are often used by runners when weather conditions are adverse or a specific training effect is desired. Athletes might respond to fatigue differently when running on a treadmill compared with overground conditions, where pace is typically more variable. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in gait parameters over the course of a 10-km treadmill run. Fifteen male competitive runners ran at a constant pace for 10 km at 103% of season's best time on an instrumented treadmill with in-dwelling force plates, and data were analyzed at 5 distances. Kinematic data were derived from high-speed videography and results compared between the early and late stages. Before halfway, step length increased and cadence decreased, whereas during the latter stages, there were significant decreases in impulse and maximum force. Contact time decreased and flight time increased continually, but otherwise most gait variables did not change. The changes in contact and flight times suggested that athletes altered their gait so that more time was spent airborne to allow the treadmill to pass under them. In general, however, the runners maintained their techniques throughout the run. Constant pace treadmill running might therefore be useful with the aim of running for a particular distance and speed with a consistent technique unaffected by factors such as gradient or fatigue. However, the increase in flight time might have aided the runners because of the nature of treadmill running, and athletes and coaches should note that this training effect is impractical during overground running

Systems pathology by multiplexed immunohistochemistry and whole-slide digital image analysis

The paradigm of molecular histopathology is shifting from a single-marker immunohistochemistry towards multiplexed detection of markers to better understand the complex pathological processes. However, there are no systems allowing multiplexed IHC (mIHC) with high-resolution whole-slide tissue imaging and analysis, yet providing feasible throughput for routine use. We present an mIHC platform combining fluorescent and chromogenic staining with automated whole-slide imaging and integrated whole-slide image analysis, enabling simultaneous detection of six protein markers and nuclei, and automatic quantification and classification of hundreds of thousands of cells in situ in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. In the first proof-of-concept, we detected immune cells at cell-level resolution (n = 128,894 cells) in human prostate cancer, and analysed T cell subpopulations in different tumour compartments (epithelium vs. stroma). In the second proof-of-concept, we demonstrated an automatic classification of epithelial cell populations (n = 83,558) and glands (benign vs. cancer) in prostate cancer with simultaneous analysis of androgen receptor (AR) and alpha-methylacyl-CoA (AMACR) expression at cell-level resolution. We conclude that the open-source combination of 8-plex mIHC detection, whole-slide image acquisition and analysis provides a robust tool allowing quantitative, spatially resolved whole-slide tissue cytometry directly in formalin-fixed human tumour tissues for improved characterization of histology and the tumour microenvironment.Peer reviewe

Veden imeytyksen vaikutukset metsämaahan ja kasvillisuuteen - VIVA. Tutkimushankkeen väliraportti 15.12.1997

monist

Veden imeytyksen vaikutukset metsämaahan ja kasvillisuuteen - VIVA. Tutkimushankkeen väliraportti 15.12.1996

monist

Veden imetyksen vaikutukset metsämaahan ja kasvillisuuteen sekä vajo- ja pohjaveden laatuun. VIVA-tutkimushankkeen loppuraportti.

Myynti ja tilaukset: Hämeenlinnan kaupungin vesilaitos, Suosaarentie 4, 13210 Hämeenlinna Puh. 03-621 2290, Fax 03-621 2758

Balpressens stams analys

The objective of this master’s thesis was to find out if the capacity of a bale clamp can be increased. This was done by finding out the most critical point in the structure. When the critical points were found, some improvements were done for the structure. Four different loading cases were analyzed which were provided by Auramo. The analysis of the loading cases was done using FE-analysis. The literature review was focused on explaining the methods and equations used for the calculations. The biggest focus was on the modelling and getting the FE-model working properly. The used methods were Hot Spot-method and some Eurocode 3 equations for bolted connections. The static durability was investigated but the risk of failure through fatigue was bigger. The results showed that the critical point in the structure is the cylinder bracket. The fatigue failure would occur by the cylinder bracket weld toe. The improvements for the structure were adding material by the cylinder bracket and adding a stiffener plate to reduce the stresses by the bracket. The stresses by the bracket were mostly caused by bending. Adding the stiffener reduced the stresses a lot and made the structure more durable and the risk for fatigue failure smaller.Dessa diplomarbetets objektiv var att ta reda på om man kan öka balpressens kapacitet. Dessa var gjord genom att ta reda på var är det mest kritiska stället i strukturen. När det kritiska stället hittades gjordes några förändringar för strukturen. Fyra olika belastningsfall analyserades som Auramo gav. Analysen gjordes med hjälp av FE-analys. Litteraturgranskningen fokuserades på att förklara metoderna och ekvationerna som användes i räkningarna. Största fokusen var i modelleringen och att få FE-analysen att funka rätt. Metoderna som användes var Hot Spot och några Eurocode 3 ekvationer. Statiska kapaciteten analyserade men den större risken var i utnötningen av strukturen. Resultaten visade att det kritiska stället var vid cylinder hållaren. Utnötningen skulle hända vid svets tån av cylinder hållaren. Förändringarna som gjordes för strukturen var att man lade till material vid cylinderhållarna och svetsa där ett styvnings plåt. Spänningarna vid cylinderhållarna orsakades mest av böjning. Med svetsningen av styvningsplåtarna förminskade spänningarna mycket och risken för utmatning blev mindre

Meaning in the Weaving: Mapping and Texture as Figures of Spatiality and Eventness

Advocating a dramaturgical ontology of events rather than objects – or ecologies rather than cartographies – the article defends the metaphors of texture and weaving as intuitive, non-anthropocentric alternatives to current idioms of becoming and emergence. Already popularized as the very definition of “dramaturgy” by Eugenio Barba, these are specifically traced through Tim Ingold’s recent anthropology of weaving and S. C. Pepper’s philosophical pragmatism: where Ingold’s ecology of lines admits to “no insides or outsides [...] trailing loose ends in every direction”, Pepper’s “contextualistic world” of events admits “no top nor bottom” to its strands and textures. Intended only as a theoretical introduction to the implications of a certain family of metaphors (complete with a graphic representation thereof ), this article distinguishes the eventness of texture from certain notions of spatial “mapping” and discusses the “ecological” range of the metaphor through the concepts of textural fusion and spread