TERRISCOPE: AN OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING RESEARCH PLATFORM USING AIRCRAFT AND UAS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CONTINENTAL SURFACES

ONERA is developing TERRISCOPE, a new platform to characterize the environment and the continental surfaces by optical remote sensing using manned aircrafts and UAS (Unmanned Airborne System). The objective of TERRISCOPE is to make available to the scientific community combinations of optical measurements remotely sensed with the best level state-of-the-art sensors. Different kinds of sensors have already been acquired or are still being acquired: Hyperspectral sensors (0.5–2.5 μm range), visible high resolution cameras, multispectral infrared cameras and airborne laser scanners. Each sensor is declined in two versions: one high performance for manned aircrafts and one more compact for UAS. This paper describes the whole equipment, and presents the main characteristics and performances of the carriers, the sensors and the processing chain. Possible sensors combinations on airplanes and UAS are also presented, as well as preliminary results

Advances, Challenges and Opportunities in 3D CMOS Sequential Integration

3D sequential integration enables the full use of the third dimension thanks to its high alignment performance. In this paper, we address the major challenges of 3D sequential integration: in particular, the control of molecular bonding allows us to obtain pristine quality top active layer. With the help of Solid Phase Epitaxy, we can match the performance of top FET, processed at low temperature (600°C), with the bottom FET devices. Finally, the development of a stable salicide enables to retain bottom performance after top FET processing. Overcoming these major technological issues offers a wide range of applications

The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe

Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity and ecosystem services is a key aim of a sustainable agriculture. However, how the spatial arrangement of crop fields and other habitats in landscapes impacts arthropods and their functions is poorly known. Synthesising data from 49 studies (1515 landscapes) across Europe, we examined effects of landscape composition (% habitats) and configuration (edge density) on arthropods in fields and their margins, pest control, pollination and yields. Configuration effects interacted with the proportions of crop and non‐crop habitats, and species’ dietary, dispersal and overwintering traits led to contrasting responses to landscape variables. Overall, however, in landscapes with high edge density, 70% of pollinator and 44% of natural enemy species reached highest abundances and pollination and pest control improved 1.7‐ and 1.4‐fold respectively. Arable‐dominated landscapes with high edge densities achieved high yields. This suggests that enhancing edge density in European agroecosystems can promote functional biodiversity and yield‐enhancing ecosystem services

Impacts anthropiques sur les termes du bilan hydrologique d'un aquifère alluvial dans le nordeste semi-aride, Brésil

National audienceThe exploitation of an alluvial aquifer (2 ´ 106 m3) has been developed since 1998 in the Valley of Forquilha (Quixeramobim, State of Ceará). For this purpose, 165 wells were drilled along the 23 km of the valley that supplies 500 families and their farms. Monthly monitoring of piezometric and electrical conductivity (20002003) show seasonal variations in the water volume (35%) and in the mean value of the conductivity (8001200 µS cm-1). A conceptual hydrogeological model was developed. Analysis of the data and simulations highlight that the recharge of the aquifer is mainly due to infiltration from the river in the rainy season, which is of the order of 1% of the rain over the catchment area (195 km2). The abstractions increase the recharge between 30 and 60%. The model makes it possible to propose scenarios of sustainable exploitation of the water resource in the catchment. For the period between 1970 and 1988, other simulations show that it would have been possible to maintain irrigated cultures on 75 ha for 80% of the time. During the remaining 20%, the water level is too low, and farmers would have to reduce the irrigated area.L'exploitation d'un aquifère alluvial (2 ´ 106 m3) bordant un cours d'eau non pérenne a été développée à partir de 1998 dans la Vallée du Forquilha (Quixeramobim, Etat du Ceará) à titre expérimental. A cette fin, 165 puits ont été forés sur les 23 km de la vallée pour alimenter 500 familles et exploitations agricoles. Des suivis piézométrique et hydrochimique mensuels (20002003) montrent des variations saisonnières du volume d'eau contenu au sein de l'aquifère (35%) et de la conductivité moyenne de ses eaux (8001200 µS cm-1). Un modèle hydrogéologique conceptuel a été développé. L'analyse des données et des simulations met en évidence que la recharge de l'aquifère provient essentiellement des apports de la rivière en saison des pluies, qui est de l'ordre de 1% de la pluie sur le bassin versant (195 km2). Les pompages sont à l'origine d'un accroissement de la recharge de 30 à 60%. Le modèle permet de proposer des scénarios d'exploitation durable de la ressource en eau sur le bassin versant. Ainsi, pour la période de 1970 à 1988, des simulations montrent qu'il aurait été possible de maintenir des cultures irriguées sur 75 ha pendant 80% du temps. Pendant les 20% complémentaires, le niveau d'eau étant trop bas, les agriculteurs auraient dû diminuer les surfaces irriguées

Relationship between precipitation phase and air temperature : comparison between the Bolivian Andes and the Swiss Alps

Determining the precipitation phase-rain or snow-is an important factor in modelling discharge in mountainous basins. In a study carried out in the outer tropical Andes Cordillera of Bolivia, half-hourly determination of precipitation phase was obtained by applying a suitable expert system, taking I I meteorological parameters into consideration that are measured over 21 months at an altitude close to 4800 m. Straightforward relationships between the determined precipitation phase and observed air temperature were analysed in histograms that contain percentage occurrences of snowfall, rainfall and mixed precipitation events for 0.5 degrees C air temperature increments. The graph shows a nearly identical distribution of percentage occurrences of snowfall in the Andes to that on a 1600-m high site in the Swiss Alps. This result suggests that, for hydrological modelling purposes in the outer tropical Andes, the same rain/snow threshold temperature as in the compared Swiss site can be applied

Thermomechanical finite element modeling of Cu–SiO 2 direct hybrid bonding with a dishing effect on Cu surfaces

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Hot spot aware microchannel cooling add-on for microelectronic chips in mobile devices

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