255 research outputs found

    The governance of formal university–industry interactions: understanding the rationales for alternative models

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    This article develops a conceptual framework to explain the economic rationale underpinning the choice of different modes of governance of formal university–industry interactions: personal contractual interactions, where the contract regulating the collaboration involves a firm and an individual academic researcher, and institutional interactions, where the relationship between the firm and the academic is mediated by the university. Although institutional interactions, for numerous reasons, have become more important, both governance modes are currently being implemented. We would argue that they have some important specificities that need to be understood if university–industry knowledge transfer is to be managed effectively and efficiently

    Revisiting the effect of coefficient of thermal expansion in energy pile–soil interactions

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    When pile foundations and the ground around them are thermally-activated as part of a shallow geothermal energy system, new and somewhat complex changes in pile-soil interaction occur. In this paper, the influence of the relative expansion and contraction between the pile and surrounding soil, as expressed via the ratio of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the soil to that of the pile, is revisited. Previous steady-state thermo-mechanical analysis by the authors suggested that this may be a very significant parameter especially when the CTE ratio was somewhat greater than 1 but more recent work has shown there are a number of other factors which may work to either mitigate or exacerbate this effect. This paper brings together recent work relating to this effect, to provide guidance on the impact of the form of the thermal loading in time and the initial mobilisation of the pile shaft resistance on when the CTE ratio may be significant in the functioning of thermally-activated pile foundations

    "Cladonia verticillata" ("Cladoniaceae", Ascomycota), nueva cita para la Península Ibérica

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    The identity of a putative collection of Cladonia verticillata is assessed by means of ITS rDNA region. The phylogenetic analyses confirmedthat this specimen belongs to C. verticillata, and this species is reported as new to Iberian Peninsula.La identidad de una supuesta muestra de Cladonia verticillata es evaluada por medio de la región ITS rDNA. Los anålisis filogenéticos revelaronque esta muestra pertenece a C. verticillata y, por tanto, esta especie es una nueva cita para la Península Ibérica

    Cladonia verticillata en la Península Ibérica

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    A Regime-Oriented Approach to Observationally Constraining Extratropical Shortwave Cloud Feedbacks

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    The extratropical shortwave (SW) cloud feedback is primarily due to increases in extratropical liquid cloud extent and optical depth. Here, we examine the response of extratropical (35°–75°) marine cloud liquid water path (LWP) to a uniform 4-K increase in sea surface temperature (SST) in global climate models (GCMs) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and variants of the HadGEM3-GC3.1 GCM. Compositing is used to partition data into periods inside and out of cyclones. The response of extratropical LWP to a uniform SST increase and associated atmospheric response varies substantially among GCMs, but the sensitivity of LWP to cloud controlling factors (CCFs) is qualitatively similar. When all other predictors are held constant, increasing moisture flux drives an increase in LWP. Increasing SST, holding all other predictors fixed, leads to a decrease in LWP. The combinations of these changes lead to LWP, and by extension reflected SW, increasing with warming in both hemispheres. Observations predict an increase in reflected SW over oceans of 0.8–1.6 W m−2 per kelvin SST increase (35°–75°N) and 1.2–1.9 W m−2 per kelvin SST increase (35°–75°S). This increase in reflected SW is mainly due to increased moisture convergence into cyclones because of increasing available moisture. The efficiency at which converging moisture is converted into precipitation determines the amount of liquid cloud. Thus, cyclone precipitation processes are critical to constraining extratropical cloud feedbacks

    Grain grinding size of cereals in complete pelleted diets for growing lambs: Effects on ruminal microbiota and fermentation

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    [EN] Lambs from intensive dairy sheep production systems are sold out either after weaning as milk-fed lambs or after a fattening characterized by high intakes of concentrate feeds (mainly cereals) which can lead to ruminal disorders. Therefore, it is essential to explore different feeding alternatives in order to reach a balance between economic or productive benefits and animal welfare. Twenty weaned male lambs (6–8 weeks age, 14.8 ± 0.16 kg body weight) were allocated randomly to one of two different groups (n=10 per group) to study the effect of feeding a complete pelleted diet (CPD) in which cereal grains were ground at two different sieve sizes (either 2-mm with 13.5% dry matter (DM) of the particles>1.7mm or 6-mm with 47.1% DM of particles>1.7 mm) on DM intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal microbiota and fermentation. Lambs were fed the corresponding CPD ad libitum and slaughtered when they reached 27 kg. DM intake was greater in the lambs fed 2-mm grains than in those fed 6-mm grains (P < .05). Feeding 2-mm grains in comparison to 6-mm grains resulted in darker colour of ruminal mucosa (100 vs. 127, from a scale where 0 is black and 256 white; SED=9.8; P=.017) and thicker stratum corneum (45.3 vs. 30.9 ÎŒm; SED=3.67; P=.001), suggesting more severe acidotic conditions in the rumen with the smaller cereal particle size. Analysis of microbial communities revealed that the presence of ruminal bacteria such as Prevotella and Quinella was increased in the digesta of animals fed the 2-mm diet. These data were corroborated by the odd- and branched-chain fatty acid profile of ruminal contents, which would indicate a shift from cellulolytic to amylolytic bacteria in the rumen of lambs fed the 2-mm diet. In conclusion, feeding 6-mm in comparison to 2-mm ground cereal grains included in CPD formulated for growing lambs is an alternative strategy that may reduce ruminal acidosis through changes in the microbiota.wSICSIC ( (Proyecto Intramural Especial; Project 201540E084)Ministerio de EconomĂ­a y Competitividad (España

    Strong dependence of atmospheric feedbacks on mixed‐phase microphysics and aerosol‐cloud interactions in HadGEM3

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    We analyze the atmospheric processes that explain the large changes in radiative feedbacks between the two latest climate configurations of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental model. We use a large set of atmosphere‐only climate‐change simulations (amip and amip‐p4K) to separate the contributions to the differences in feedback parameter from all the atmospheric model developments between the two latest model configurations. We show that the differences are mostly driven by changes in the shortwave cloud radiative feedback in the midlatitudes, mainly over the Southern Ocean. Two new schemes explain most of the differences: the introduction of a new aerosol scheme; and the development of a new mixed‐phase cloud scheme. Both schemes reduce the strength of the pre‐existing shortwave negative cloud feedback in the midlatitudes. The new aerosol scheme dampens a strong aerosol‐cloud interaction, and it also suppresses a negative clear‐sky shortwave feedback. The mixed‐phase scheme increases the amount of cloud liquid water path (LWP) in the present‐day and reduces the increase in LWP with warming. Both changes contribute to reducing the negative radiative feedback of the increase of LWP in the warmer climate. It also enhances a strong, pre‐existing, positive cloud fraction feedback. We assess the realism of the changes by comparing present‐day simulations against observations, and discuss avenues that could help constrain the relevant processes
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