Cover Letter

The Richmond Journal of Law and Technology is proud to present its Annual Survey issue of the 2013-2014 academic year. This issue is published in conjunction with JOLT’s Symposium entitled “Information Governance: A Comprehensive Approach to e-Discovery.” Since its founding in 1995, JOLT has strived to publish relevant legal articles at the forefront of the technological field. With this goal in mind, we are excited to expand JOLT’s respected discussion of e-Discovery to the emerging field of Information Governance

Global Modeling and Assimilation Office Annual Report and Research Highlights 2011-2012

Over the last year, the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) has continued to advance our GEOS-5-based systems, updating products for both weather and climate applications. We contributed hindcasts and forecasts to the National Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) of seasonal forecasts and the suite of decadal predictions to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)

RTJ-303: Variable geometry, oblique wing supersonic aircraft

This document is a preliminary design of a High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) named the RTJ-303. It is a 300 passenger, Mach 1.6 transport with a range of 5000 nautical miles. It features four mixed-flow turbofan engines, variable geometry oblique wing, with conventional tail-aft control surfaces. The preliminary cost analysis for a production of 300 aircraft shows that flyaway cost would be 183 million dollars (1992) per aircraft. The aircraft uses standard jet fuel and requires no special materials to handle aerodynamic heating in flight because the stagnation temperatures are approximately 130 degrees Fahrenheit in the supersonic cruise condition. It should be stressed that this aircraft could be built with today's technology and does not rely on vague and uncertain assumptions of technology advances. Included in this report are sections discussing the details of the preliminary design sequence including the mission to be performed, operational and performance constraints, the aircraft configuration and the tradeoffs of the final choice, wing design, a detailed fuselage design, empennage design, sizing of tail geometry, and selection of control surfaces, a discussion on propulsion system/inlet choice and their position on the aircraft, landing gear design including a look at tire selection, tip-over criterion, pavement loading, and retraction kinematics, structures design including load determination, and materials selection, aircraft performance, a look at stability and handling qualities, systems layout including location of key components, operations requirements maintenance characteristics, a preliminary cost analysis, and conclusions made regarding the design, and recommendations for further study

Frontogenesis in the North Pacific Oceanic Frontal Zones--A Numerical Simulation

A primitive equation model [Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory\u27s (GFDL\u27s) MOM 2] with one degree horizontal resolution is used to simulate the seasonal cycle of frontogenesis in the subarctic frontal zone (SAFZ) and the subtropical frontal zone (STFZ) of the North Pacific Ocean. The SAFZ in the model contains deep (greater than 500 m in some places) regions with seasonally varying high gradients in temperature and salinity. The gradients generally weaken toward the east. The STFZ consists of a relatively shallow (less than 200 m in most places) region of high gradient in temperature that disappears in the summer/fall. The high gradient in salinity in the STFZ maintains its strength year round and extends across almost the entire basin. The model simulates the location and intensity of the frontal zones in good agreement with climatological observations: generally to within two degrees of latitude and usually at the same or slightly stronger intensity. The seasonal cycle of the frontal zones also marches observations well, although the subarctic front is stronger than observed in winter and spring. The model balances are examined to identify the dominant frontogenetic processes. The seasonal cycle of temperature frontogenesis in the surface level of the model is governed by both the convergence of the wind-driven Ekman transport and differential heating/cooling. In the STFZ, the surface Ekman convergence is frontogenetic throughout the year as opposed to surface heating, which is frontogenetic during winter and strongly frontolytic during late spring and summer. The subarctic front at 40 degrees N in the central Pacific (not the maximum wintertime gradient in the model, but its location in summer and the location where variability is in best agreement with the observations) undergoes frontogenesis during spring and summer due to surface Ekman convergence and differential horizontal shear. The frontolysis during winter is due to the joint influence of differential heat flux and vertical convection in opposition to frontogenetic Ekman convergence. The seasonal cycle of salinity frontogenesis in the surface level is governed by Ekman convergence, differential surface freshwater flux, and differential vertical convection (mixing). For salinity, the differential convection is primarily forced by Ekman convergence and differential cooling, thereby linking the salinity and temperature frontogenesis/frontolysis. Below the surface level, the seasonal frontogenesis/frontolysis is only significant in the western and central SAFZ where ii is due primarily to differential mixing (mostly in winter and early spring) with contributions from convergence and shearing advection during fall and winter. The shearing advection in the model western SAFZ is likely a result of the Kuroshio overshooting its observed separation latitude. The model\u27s vertical mixing through convective adjustment is found to be very important in controlling much of the frontogenesis/frontolysis. Thus, the seasonal cycle of the surface frontal variability depends strongly on the subsurface structure

A note on frictional effects in Taylor\u27s problem

Taylor\u27s tidal problem of the reflection of a Kelvin wave in a semi-infinite rotating channel is modified here by considering the effect of the inclusion of fri ction in the analysis. Results are obtained using Galerkin and Collocation methods to satisfy the end boundary condition, and these are compared with results given by other authors for the nonfriction case

Methods of epigenome editing for probing the function of genomic imprinting

The curious patterns of imprinted gene expression draw interest from several scientific disciplines to the functional consequences of genomic imprinting. Methods of probing the function of imprinting itself have largely been indirect and correlational, relying heavily on conventional transgenics. Recently, the burgeoning field of epigenome editing has provided new tools and suggested strategies for asking causal questions with site specificity. This perspective article aims to outline how these new methods may be applied to questions of functional imprinting and, with this aim in mind, to suggest new dimensions for the expansion of these epigenome-editing tools

Creation of a homogeneous plasma column by means of hohlraum radiation for ion-stopping measurements

In this work, we present the results of two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of a hohlraum target whose outgoing radiation is used to produce a homogeneously ionized carbon plasma for ion-beam stopping measurements. The cylindrical hohlraum with gold walls is heated by a frequency-doubled ($\lambda_l = 526.5$ $\mu m$) $1.4$ $ns$ long laser pulse with the total energy of $E_l = 180$ $J$. At the laser spot, the peak matter and radiation temperatures of, respectively, $T \approx 380$ $eV$ and $T_r \approx 120$ $eV$ are observed. X-rays from the hohlraum heat the attached carbon foam with a mean density of $\rho_C = 2$ $mg/cm^3$ to a temperature of $T \approx 25$ $eV$. The simulation shows that the carbon ionization degree ($Z \approx 3.75$) and its column density stay relatively stable (within variations of about $\pm7\%$) long enough to conduct the ion-stopping measurements. Also, it is found that a special attention should be paid to the shock wave, emerging from the X-ray heated copper support plate, which at later times may significantly distort the carbon column density traversed by the fast ions.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

Systematization of existing uncertainties in the context of product development in the automotive supply industry

Along the development process of technical products, challenges arise repeatedly, which result from uncertainties, i.e., conscious, or unconscious gaps in knowledge or definitions. The causes often lie in the fact that empirical values represent the basis for many decisions, from the specification of tasks to the required organizational and control structures to the models and calculation tools used. Based on this knowledge, it is essential to continuously identify, evaluate and, if necessary, reduce the degree of uncertainty during the development of innovative products. This is intended to avoid potentially negative influences on the strategic goals of the magic triangle of project management (costs, time, and quality). This is exactly where the investigations started, using the example of an automotive supplier company. Completed projects are the starting point. A first focus is on the analysis of the effects of unclearly defined requirements and ambiguities in verification, validation, and end customer use. A second focus is the systematization, classification up to the provision of project-specific tools, which should facilitate the reduction of uncertainties already in early project phases

The Simulation and Assimilation of Doppler Wind Lidar Observations in Support of Future Instruments

With the launch of the European Space Agency's Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM-Aeolus) in 2011 and the call for the 3D-Winds mission in National Research Council's decadal survey, direct spaceborne measurements of vertical wind profiles are imminent via Doppler wind lidar technology. Part of the preparedness for such missions is the development of the proper data assimilation methodology for handling such observations. Since no heritage measurements exist in space, the Joint Observing System Simulation Experiment (Joint OSSE) framework is being utilized to generate a realistic proxy dataset as a precursor to flight. These data are being used for the development of the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system utilized at a number of centers through the United States including the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NOAA/NWS/NCEP). This effort will be presented, including the methodology of proxy data generation, the handling of line-of-sight wind measurements within the GSI, and the impact on both analyses and forecasts with the addition of the new data type