Underhållskostnader för tröskor

Costs of maintenance on combines are a subject of interest thus it constitute a large investment and cost for the individual farmer. Therefore it is important to have up to date knowledge and the right facts to be able to do reliable calculations on one of the largest investments for a farmer. The aim of this study was to compare costs of maintenance on combine/threshingmachine with the computer program for advising environmental issues in agriculture, STANK. Interviews took place and data were collected by handing out questionnaires to 20 farmers. A similar study conducted by Neuman (2003) investigated costs of maintenance and compared these with STANK. The results of this study have also been compared and examined related to data from SLA - Skogs och Lantarbetsgivarförbundet. The result shows that 18 out of 20 combines were given a higher cost of maintenance when using STANK compared to the numbers in this study. The total cost of maintenance in STANK and this study shows that STANK were in average 49, 4 % higher. While comparing yearly using hours and cost of maintenance we found that the cost raised with increased using hours, but there are no proportional connection between increased yearly using hours and increased labour/own work. While checking the condition between costs of maintenance and machine-age the study could not see that the cost raised with machine age. The study was used for a different model of calculation where we calculated with the cost, SEK/foot cutting width and year. This model of calculation was used when comparing the cost SEK/foot cutting width and year for SLA and the study. This model of calculation gave a better result than STANK did. The model gave a deviation of 32,8 %. Our conclusions • The equation in STANK overrated the cost of maintenance by 49,4%. • There were only some tendency of correlation between cost of maintenance and yearly use. • There is no relation between the cost of maintenance and the age of the machine. • The maintenance should not be connected to using hours and the cost of buying an equal new machine today. • In our study we found that it is better to use a yearly cost in SEK/foot when calculating the cost of maintenance on combines. However, this is a model suitable for our study but this might not work for a general use.Underhållskostnader på tröskor är ett område som är intressant att studera eftersom en tröska utgör en stor investering och kostnad för den enskilda lantbrukaren. Det är därmed av största vikt att ha kunskap och kunna göra tillförlitliga beräkningar angående underhållskostnader för en av de stora investeringarna för den enskilda lantbrukaren - tröskan. Det huvudsakliga syftet med arbetet var att samla in underlag från lantbrukare och jämföra dessa värden med maskinkalkylmodellen i växtnäringsrådgivningsprogrammet STANK. Denna insamling har genomförts genom intervjuer på 20 gårdar. Det har genomförts en liknande undersökning tidigare av Neuman (2003), där 10 olika maskinparkers underhållskostnad har jämförts med STANK för att se hur deras värden står i förhållande till verkligheten. Detta material var dock för litet för att kunna dra säkra slutsatser så därför ska denna studie komplettera underlaget när det gäller tröskor. Ett underlag med siffror från SLA, Skogs och Lantarbetsgivarförbundet har granskats för att ha verklighetsanknutna siffror att jämföra med. SLA beräknar underhållet på ett annorlunda sätt jämfört med STANK. De använder sig av brukad areal och får då fram tröskkostnad kr/ha tröskareal. Resultatet av undersökningen blev att 18 av 20 tröskor fick en högre underhållskostnad i STANK jämfört med studien. Vid jämförelse av STANK:s och studiens totala underhållskostnad fann vi att STANK låg i genomsnitt 49,4 % högre. När underhållet kopplades till årlig användning i timmar visade sig att kostnaden är stigande med ökad användning. Däremot finns inget proportionellt samband mellan ökad användning och ökat eget arbete med underhåll. Vid granskning av underhållskostnad i förhållande till maskinålder kunde studien inte utläsa att underhållet ökade med en ökad maskinålder. Siffrorna användes också för en alternativ beräkningsmodell där det räknades fram en kostnad, kr/fot och år vilken jämfördes med underhållskostnaden från SLA. Dessa beräkningar gav oss en avvikelse på 32,8 % vilket är ett bättre resultat än vad STANK gav. Våra slutsatser • Ekvationen i STANK övervärderade underhållskostnaden med 49,4 %. • Det finns enbart ett svagt samband mellan underhållskostnad och årlig användning. • Vi ser inget tydligt samband mellan underhållskostnad och maskinens ålder. • Underhållet bör inte vara så hårt knutet till användningstid och återanskaffningsvärde som det är idag. • I vår studie fann vi att det stämmer bättre att använda en fast kostnad, kr/fot och år när man räknar på underhållskostnad på tröskor. Detta är dock en modell som passade i vår studie men som möjligen inte fungerar för generell användning

A DNA-binding bromodomain-containing protein interacts with and reduces Rx1-mediated immune response to Potato Virus X

Plant NLR proteins enable the immune system to recognise and respond to pathogen attack. An early consequence of immune activation is transcriptional reprogramming. Some NLRs have been shown to act in the nucleus and interact with transcription factors. The Rx1 NLR protein of potato binds and distorts double-stranded DNA. However, the components of the chromatin localized Rx1-complex are largely unknown. Here we report a physical and functional interaction between Rx1 and NbDBCP, a bromodomain-containing chromatin-interacting protein. NbDBCP accumulates in the nucleolus, interacts with chromatin and redistributes Rx1 to the nucleolus in a subpopulation of imaged cells. Rx1 over-expression reduces NbDBCP interactions with chromatin. NbDBCP is a negative regulator of Rx1-mediated immune responses to potato virus X (PVX) and this activity requires an intact bromodomain. Previously, Rx1 has been shown to regulate the DNA-binding activity of a Golden2-like transcription factor, NbGlk1. Rx1 and NbDBCP act synergistically to reduce NbGlk1 DNA-binding suggesting a mode of action for NbDBCP’s inhibitory effect on immunity. This study provides new mechanistic insight into how a chromatin localised NLR complex co-ordinates immune signalling following pathogen perception

Apolipoprotein E Genotype and the Diagnostic Accuracy of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease.

Several studies suggest that the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele modulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42). Whether this effect is secondary to the association of the APOE ε4 allele with cortical Aβ deposition or whether APOE ε4 directly influences CSF levels of Aβ42 independently of Aβ pathology remains unknown

The Potato Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat (NLR) Immune Receptor Rx1 is a Pathogen Dependent DNA-Deforming Protein

Plant NLR proteins enable cells to respond to pathogen attack. Several NLRs act in the nucleus, however, conserved nuclear targets that support their role in immunity are unknown. Previously we noted a structural homology between the NB domain of NLRs and DNA replication origin-binding Cdc6/Orc1 proteins. Here we show that the NB-ARC domain of the Rx1 NLR of potato binds nucleic acids. Rx1 induces ATP-dependent bending and melting of DNA in vitro dependent upon a functional P-loop. In situ full-length Rx1 binds nuclear DNA following activation by its cognate pathogen-derived effector protein, the coat protein of potato virus X. In line with its obligatory nucleocytoplasmic distribution, DNA-binding was only observed when Rx1 was allowed to freely translocate between both compartments and was activated in the cytoplasm. Immune activation induced by an unrelated NLR-effector pair did not trigger a Rx1-DNA interaction. DNA-binding is therefore not merely a consequence of immune activation. These data establish a role for DNA distortion in Rx1 immune signalling and defines DNA as a molecular target of an activated NLR

L-lysine as adjunctive treatment in patients with schizophrenia: a single-blinded, randomized, cross-over pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Accumulating evidence suggests that the brain's nitric oxide (NO) signalling system may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and could thus constitute a novel treatment target. The study was designed to investigate the benefit of L-lysine, an amino acid that interferes with NO production, as an add-on treatment for schizophrenia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>L-lysine, 6 g/day, was administered to 10 patients with schizophrenia as an adjunctive to their conventional antipsychotic medication. The study was designed as a single-blinded, cross-over study where patients were randomly assigned to initial treatment with either L-lysine or placebo and screened at baseline, after four weeks when treatment was crossed over, and after eight weeks.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>L-lysine treatment caused a significant increase in blood concentration of L-lysine and was well tolerated. A significant decrease in positive symptom severity, measured by the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), was detected. A certain decrease in score was also observed during placebo treatment and the effects on PANSS could not unequivocally be assigned to the L-lysine treatment. Furthermore, performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was significantly improved compared to baseline, an effect probably biased by training. Subjective reports from three of the patients indicated decreased symptom severity and enhanced cognitive functioning.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Four-week L-lysine treatment of 6 g/day caused a significant increase in blood concentration of L-lysine that was well tolerated. Patients showed a significant decrease in positive symptoms as assessed by PANSS in addition to self-reported symptom improvement by three patients. The NO-signalling pathway is an interesting, potentially new treatment target for schizophrenia; however, the effects of L-lysine need further evaluation to decide the amino acid's potentially beneficial effects on symptom severity in schizophrenia.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00996242">NCT00996242</a></p

Genomic and drug target evaluation of 90 cardiovascular proteins in 30,931 individuals.

Circulating proteins are vital in human health and disease and are frequently used as biomarkers for clinical decision-making or as targets for pharmacological intervention. Here, we map and replicate protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) for 90 cardiovascular proteins in over 30,000 individuals, resulting in 451 pQTLs for 85 proteins. For each protein, we further perform pathway mapping to obtain trans-pQTL gene and regulatory designations. We substantiate these regulatory findings with orthogonal evidence for trans-pQTLs using mouse knockdown experiments (ABCA1 and TRIB1) and clinical trial results (chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5), with consistent regulation. Finally, we evaluate known drug targets, and suggest new target candidates or repositioning opportunities using Mendelian randomization. This identifies 11 proteins with causal evidence of involvement in human disease that have not previously been targeted, including EGF, IL-16, PAPPA, SPON1, F3, ADM, CASP-8, CHI3L1, CXCL16, GDF15 and MMP-12. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the utility of large-scale mapping of the genetics of the proteome and provide a resource for future precision studies of circulating proteins in human health

Genomic and drug target evaluation of 90 cardiovascular proteins in 30,931 individuals.

Circulating proteins are vital in human health and disease and are frequently used as biomarkers for clinical decision-making or as targets for pharmacological intervention. Here, we map and replicate protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) for 90 cardiovascular proteins in over 30,000 individuals, resulting in 451 pQTLs for 85 proteins. For each protein, we further perform pathway mapping to obtain trans-pQTL gene and regulatory designations. We substantiate these regulatory findings with orthogonal evidence for trans-pQTLs using mouse knockdown experiments (ABCA1 and TRIB1) and clinical trial results (chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5), with consistent regulation. Finally, we evaluate known drug targets, and suggest new target candidates or repositioning opportunities using Mendelian randomization. This identifies 11 proteins with causal evidence of involvement in human disease that have not previously been targeted, including EGF, IL-16, PAPPA, SPON1, F3, ADM, CASP-8, CHI3L1, CXCL16, GDF15 and MMP-12. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the utility of large-scale mapping of the genetics of the proteome and provide a resource for future precision studies of circulating proteins in human health

Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder

Background Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools. Aims To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics. Method Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts. Results Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (β = −0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (β = −0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (β = −0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO. Conclusions AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses

Materiality and archives : Understanding of the materiality of information regarding Swedish court archives

This study is about information and materiality, more specifically how the different material manifestations of information affects the archivists in the Swedish Court archives. The primary focus is on how materiality affects archivists work with physical and digital information and how materiality affects the archivists themselves. This study uses interviews with archivists within the Swedish court archives as its primary source for analysis. By using primarily Actor-Network Theory and Discourse-theory alongside other scientific texts this study has shown in what ways materiality affects the daily work of archivists and their self-image. This study is relevant in many ways but primarily because there is little to none research of this kind that focuses on the court archives and as a result of that this study is relevant in the way it illustrates the importance and possibilities court archives for a dedicated scholar within archival science and other areas of information science. The results are as follows: materiality have many different ways of affecting the archivists and it does so on many different levels. With the focus on digital and physical information this study has come to the conclusion that materiality is an important aspect that cannot be overlooked. It affects how archivists work, how they think and how they practically handle physical and digital information.