为投资者-国家仲裁中的国家方提供完善的争端解决保险机制:确保被告方的早期法律代表

This Perspective explores the implications for the home countries of large MNEs of the agreement reached by over 140 countries in 2021 to enact a corporate minimum tax of 15%. It argues that the corporate minimum tax complements the trend to reduce the negative impact of unfettered globalization on labor, and it protects the ability of home countries to finance a robust social safety net. Home countries should adopt the corporate minimum tax, and that includes the US, which last year failed to adapt its Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income approach to the corporate minimum tax

A managed dispute-resolution insurance scheme for countries in investor-state arbitration: Ensuring early legal representation of respondents

The ISDS system is impacted negatively when all sides are not properly represented, especially, in the early stages of a proceeding when important deadlines and milestones occur. To address this, a new form of private insurance is proposed, which would fund prompt and effective representation for respondents in qualifying proceedings

The Law Relating to Landlord and Tenant in Nigeria.

The law relating to landlord and tenant is of special economic and social importance in contemporary Nigeria. At the same time a form of grant by the issue of "a right of occupancy" (analogous to a lease) has been the preferred means imposed by Statute for the public regulation of the use and alienation of land in the Northern Region which comprises three-quarters of the land area of Nigeria. Except in Lagos, an alien cannot acquire a better title to land than by way of a lease for up to a maximum period of 99 years. The Nigerian law of landlord and tenant is at the same time an extremely complex one, since the law comprises several distinct bodies of rules, traceable to different origins, which have to be compared and reconciled, both for academic study and for practical application. This law includes the common and statute law of England, Nigerian legislation amending the English law, special enactments such as the Acquisition of Land by Aliens Law of Eastern Nigeria) and many different systems of unwritten customary law. In this thesis an attempt has been made to restate the main principles of the applicable laws, and at the same time to make a jurisprudential comparison of the institutions, concept, rules and techniques of the different bodies of law, with a view to their explanation and harmonization. Chapter 1 gives a historical sketch of the laws applicable in Nigeria and describes the courts which operate these laws, Chapter 2 deals with the land laws of the country in general. Chapter 3 analyses the concept of the relation between landlord and tenant and distinguishes it from other similar relationships. Chapter U gives an account of the usual methods of creating tenancies and Chapter 5 examines the scope of the grant once a valid tenancy has been created. The duties imposed on landlords and tenants are dealt with in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 discusses the determination of tenancies while Chapter 8 examines the restrictions imposed upon landlords by two pieces of legislation which have been applied more or less in the same way as the English Rent Acts. The thesis concludes with a description of Succession to the rights and duties of landlords and tenants

International Courts and Tribunals

This article reviews and summarizes significant developments in 2004 concerning international courts and tribunals, particularly events relating to tbe International Court of Justice, tbe United Nations Compensation Commission, the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, and tbe Claims Resolution Tribunal. Significant developments relating to the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, proposed additional ad hoc international criminal tribunals, the International Tribunal for the Law of tbe Sea, and tbe World Trade Organization dispute settlement system and other trade dispute settlement systems are detailed in other articles in this issue

Izvješće o sudjelovanju na 20. generalnoj konferenciji i 21. generalnoj skupštini Međunarodnog savjeta za muzeje (ICOM): 2. - 8. listopada 2004., Seoul, Južna Koreja

This article reviews and summarizes significant developments in 2003 concerning international courts and tribunals, particularly events relating to the International Court of Justice, the United Nations Compensation Commission, the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal and the Claims Resolution Tribunal. Other articles in this issue detail significant developments relating to the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, the proposed additional ad hoc international criminal tribunals, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the World Trade Organization dispute settlement system, and other trade dispute settlement systems

Malaria and obesity: obese mice are resistant to cerebral malaria

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Stress-induced adaptive morphogenesis in bacteria

Bacteria thrive in virtually all environments. Like all other living organisms, bacteria may encounter various types of stresses, to which cells need to adapt. In this chapter, we describe how cells cope with stressful conditions and how this may lead to dramatic morphological changes. These changes may not only allow harmless cells to withstand environmental insults but can also benefit pathogenic bacteria by enabling them to escape from the immune system and the activity of antibiotics. A better understanding of stress-induced morphogenesis will help us to develop new approaches to combat such harmful pathogens.Microbial Biotechnolog