IPv6 mobility support for real-time multimedia communications: A survey

Mobile Internet protocol version 6(MIPv6) route optimization improves triangular routing problem that exists in MIPv4 environment.Route optimization of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) over MIPv6 provides ef�cient real-time multimedia applications to users. This article provides a survey of SIP over MIPv6. We review the processes involved during the setting up of a SIP call and during mid-call SIP mobility. When SIP transmits real-time multimedia applications in a wireless environment, the mobile node (MN) may move from one access router (AR) to another AR, handing over control from one AR to the other. High handover latency degrades the quality of real-time multimedia applications due to the fact that real-time multimedia applications are delay-sensitive.Handover latency is an important issue to discuss.Reduction of handover latency can be made possible with the use of SIP's hierarchical registration. On the other hand, hybrid hierarchical and fast handover SIP's registration performs better compared to hierarchical registration. Finally, we present the directions for future research

A Hybrid Mechanism for SIP Over IPv6 Macromobility and Micromobility Management Protocols

During wireless communication between users, disconnection may occur during the handover process. The handover process causes handover latency. The high handover latency causes distortion to the wireless communication. Having understood that high handover latency causes disconnection and distortion, this research aims to reduce the handover latency. Having known that the high handover latency causes distortion to the wireless communication especially during macromobility, we propose to interwork the protocols with the aims of reducing the handover latency. SIP has been proposed to handle the macromobility management. The researchers believe that the session initiation in the application layer protocol has the possibility to reduce the handover latency. Moreover, the researchers have proposed the fast handover and hierarchical mechanisms which also have the possibilities to reduce the handover latency. The combination of fast handover and hierarchical mechanisms namely hybrid mechanism reduces the handover latency. In addition to these previous works, we propose to interwork the protocol of IPV6 mobility management, SIP and hybrid mechanism. We implement the proposed mechanism in ns-2. After the modification and implementation of these codes in ns-2, we perform the performance study of our proposed protocol. The performance study of these interworking of protocols show which of these interworking protocols work better during the mobility management of the mobile user. The performance analysis and simulation experiment show that our proposed protocol namely SIP over IPv6 macromobility management with hybrid mechanism performs better compared to the other interworking of protocols. In addition to the performance study of these interworking of protocols, we evaluate the appropriate packet size to send the data over the interworking of protocols network. The duration of handover may increase if the network is sending inappropriate packet size during data transmission. We investigate how different packet sizes affect the handover latency and throughput in these mobility managements. The simulation result shows that 512 bytes is the appropriate packet size to send data over the IPV6 mobility management mechanisms. These investigations provide information to the researchers in selecting the appropriate packet size when sending real-time multimedia applications

Interworking of protokol in IPv6 mobility management

During communication between wireless users,disconnection may occur during the handover process. The high handover latency during the process of handover degrades the service quality of the wireless communications. This problem becomes more crucial if the operation network is transmitting real-time multimedia applications. This paper presents our work on the interworking of protocols in IPv6 mobility management which aims to explore the means to reduce the handover latency. We propose SIP over IPv6 mobility management with hybrid mechanism which we believe has the possibility to reduce the handover latency. The newly proposed protocol is developed and compared with the existing protocols. The result of the simulation experiment shows that our proposed protocol performs better compared to other protocols

A survey of IPv6 mobility management in real-time communications

The number of mobile wireless Internet users is expected to increase in recent years. Consequently, the 32-bit addressing spaces used for mobile Internet protocol version 4(IPv4) is expected to be used up in the near future. Previous works show that mobile LPv4 causes unnecessary load to the mobile Internet. This unnecessary load increases handover latency. In this paper, we firstly discuss the hybrid Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) mobility management. Hybrid IPv6 mobility management is the combination of fast handover and hierarchical IPv6 mobility managements. We propose the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) over hybrid IPv6 mobility management to manage the handover process between inter-domain networks. We also propose cellular hybrid IPv6 mobility management to manage the handover process within intra-domain network. We believe that the proposed SIP over hybrid and cellular hybrid IPv6 mobility managements can solve the problem of unnecessary load and decrease the handover latency

Effective and efficient network anomaly detection system using machine learning algorithm

Network anomaly detection system enables to monitor computer network that behaves differently from the network protocol and it is many implemented in various domains. Yet, the problem arises where different application domains have different defining anomalies in their environment. These make a difficulty to choose the best algorithms that suit and fulfill the requirements of certain domains and it is not straightforward. Additionally, the issue of centralization that cause fatal destruction of network system when powerful malicious code injects in the system. Therefore, in this paper we want to conduct experiment using supervised Machine Learning (ML) for network anomaly detection system that low communication cost and network bandwidth minimized by using UNSW-NB15 dataset to compare their performance in term of their accuracy (effective) and processing time (efficient) for a classifier to build a model. Supervised machine learning taking account the important features by labelling it from the datasets. The best machine learning algorithm for network dataset is AODE with a comparable accuracy is 97.26% and time taken approximately 7 seconds. Also, distributed algorithm solves the issue of centralization with the accuracy and processing time still a considerable compared to a centralized algorithm even though a little drop of the accuracy and a bit longer time needed

Newton-raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations in VANET performance optimization

Nowadays, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) has got more attention from the researchers. The researchers have studied numerous topics of VANET, such as the routing protocols of VANET and the MAC protocols of VANET. The aim of their works is to improve the network performance of VANET, either in terms of energy consumption or packet delivery ratio (PDR) and delay. For this research paper, the main goal is to find the coefficient of a, b and c of three non-linear equations by using a Newton-Raphson method. Those three non-linear equations are derived from a different value of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol's parameters. After that, those three coefficient is then will be used in optimization of the VANET in terms of energy, PDR, and delay

IoT-based automated and contactless shopping cart during pandemic diseases outbreak

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an alarming disease outbreak that has affected more than 180 countries worldwide. It has caused close to 2.5 million deaths and has infected 114 million of the global population as of February 2021. This unprecedented pandemic, has caused severe socio-economic problems globally, catching many sectors off-guard and in a state of suspended uncertainty. While vaccines are just starting to circulate, there is still a need to practice new social norms, including social distancing during daily activities such as supermarket shopping. As such, contactless technology is critically needed and preferable to minimize physical contact and mitigate virus spread. In this paper, an automated shopping cart is proposed as a potential solution to avoid item scanning at cashiers and long queues at payment counters. This innovation leads to reduced risk of exposure to COVID-19. This is done by integrating a typical shopping trolley with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is attached to every product and automatically read whenever they are placed in a shopping cart. Payment and weighing processes can be conducted at the trolley itself which reduces direct and prolonged contact with both cashiers and other patrons, and at both checkout queues and weighing counters. This proves to be a critical way to break transmission chains

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Abstract: In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M ⊙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded

A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 Mobility Management Protocols in Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless communication is becoming essential due to the dramatic increase in the usage of mobile devices. The high demand for real-time or instant services requires wireless Internet networks which can support different Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees and different traffic characteristics. All Internet network mobile device services are supported by mobility management protocols. In this paper, we compare the performance of the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) environment. We identify and analyze the MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols\u27 characteristics by using performance indicators. The performance comparison of MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols was conducted in terms of throughput, latency, and packet loss ratio. Based on the conducted experimental results, we summarize the performances for MIPv6 and PMIPv6 mobility management protocols in the Wireless Mesh Network environment. The results obtained indicate that PMIPv6 generally outperforms MIPv6. In future work, the evaluation of HMPIv6, FMIPv6, and FHMIPv6 is proposed

Application of Rhetorical Relations Between Sentences to Cluster-Based Text Summarization

Many of previous research have proven that the usage of rhetorical relations is capable to enhance many applications such as text summarization, question answering and natural language generation. This work proposes an approach that expands the benefit of rhetorical relations to address redundancy problem in text summarization. We first examined and redefined the type of rhetorical relations that is useful to retrieve sentences with identical content and performed the identification of those relations using SVMs. By exploiting the rhetorical relations exist between sentences, we generate clusters of similar sentences from document sets. Then, cluster-based text summarization is performed using Conditional Markov Random Walk Model to measure the saliency scores of candidates summary. We evaluated our method by measuring the cohesion and separation of the clusters and ROUGE score of generated summaries. The experimental result shows that our method performed well which shows promising potential of applying rhetorical relation in cluster-based text summarization